The Indian Women Writers and their Contributions to Indian Literature

The Indian women writers are the one who mainly talks about the male ego and female desire for freedom. Through their writings women writer tries to oppose the male dominance over them. Indian women writers depict the injustices, the anguish and the despair they received in a male dominated society. Many of the writings can be considered as a mutiny against the restraints which the society thrust upon women. In this man-centered world they are trying to bring out the feminine identity through their works. Indian women writers never attempted to adopt any masculine roles to achieve themselves as equal as men, but through their writings they came across all the barrier of class, gender and space boundaries. They try to project masculinity and femininity as equal categories. Though through their works the Indian women writers tries to project women’s responses to gender questions. However, they tried to depict the fact that writings of women need not be differentiated by language or location.

Women Writers in India: Tracing Feminism

From pre-Independence period to the contemporary times, women’s voice is gradually being heard and gaining momentum. It is hoped as well as expected that women would soon become a prominent voice making a mark in the society. Their point of view along with their decision making authority will have a definite and constructive impact on the society. This can be inferred from the literature by various Indian women writers such as Pandita Ramabai, Ismat Chughtai, Kamala Das and Shashi Deshpande. As we move from one decade to another entering the 21st century, we observe how women have been able to break the cocoon of domesticity, marking their presence in various socio-political spheres which have been usually dominated by men. Women have sought their space for expression and voicing opinion through literature. Depicting the oppression and discrimination faced in the patriarchal setup of Indian society, the women writers have pointed at the need for equality in practice as well as representation. The article will provide a discussion regarding Feminism in India, analysing each period or phase along with a women writer.

Metaphorless of Speechless: Stylistic and Actantial Study of Lyric Speechless by Naomi Scott

Studying of poems have fallen into searching of social values and diction, while the social reality is still being behind the text. Hence, this paper it to unlocks the plung of reality in Speechless (2019) that is being a song of Aladdin cinematography. To explore empirical data is to use stylistic design of research and to understand social fact is to use actantial schem of Greimas. Then social reality of the text is being reflected to the reality developed by women writer in the poems of Sajak 33 (1974). The result that the lyrics has shown negative soul, temperament, and less of metaphor. As a trending of teenages lifestyle, the negative soul will have influenced them over the world. Keywords: Social soul, literature, Speechless, Analisis puisi selama ini jatuh pada pencarian nilai-nilai dan analisis diksi, sementara itu realitas social yang bersembunyi di balik teks kurang mendapatkan perhatian. Karena itulah, makalah ini bermaksud menganalisis yair lagu Speechless (2019) dalam film Aladdin. Analisis dilakukan melalui desain stilistika untuk memperoleh arti secara gramatikal dan skema aktansial untuk memahami peta kemanusiaan. Realitas social yang muncul dari teks lagu tersebut kemudian direfleksikan ke dalam realitas yang dibangun di dalam teks puisi yang ditulis oleh sastrawan perempuan, Toeti Heraty dalam kumpulan piisi Sajak 33 (1974). Hasil kajian menunjukkan, syair lagu tersebut menggambarkan jiwa yang negatif, temperamen, dan miskin metafora. Rekomendasinya, ketika syair lagu tersebut menjadi minat remaja kontemporer di seluruh dunia, hal itu akan membawa pengaruh besar terhadap pembentukan jiwa sosial remaja yang temperamen, negative, dan miskin metafora. Kata kunci: Jiwa Sosial, sastra, Speechless,

Representasi Ketidakadilan Gender Dalam Cerita Dari Blora Karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer: Kajian Feminisme

Ketidakadilan gender yang dialami oleh perempuan tergambar dalam karya sastra, tidak saja yang dikarang oleh perempuan, tetapi juga karya sastra yang dikarang oleh pengarang laki­laki. Dalam Cerita dari Blora karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer, ketidakadilan gender itu sangat terlihat yang meliputi; marginalisasi, subordinasi, stereotip, dan kekerasan. Dalam Cerita dari Blora karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer, ketidakadilan gender berupa beban kerja ganda tidak ditemukan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh belum banyaknya kaum perempuan yang berkiprah di dunia publik pada masa cerita ini dibuat, artinya belum banyak perempuan yang mempunyai pendidikan yang memadai sehingga layak dipekerjakan di luar rumah tangga. Oleh karena itu, tidak ada perempuan yang digambarkan memegang peran ganda, baik sebagai ibu rumah tangga maupun sebagai pekerja (wanita karier). Abstract: Gender inequality experienced by women is reflected in literary works, not only those written by women writer but also those written by men writer. In Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Cerita Dari Blora, gender inequalities are very clearly seen; those are marginalization, subordination, stereotype, and cruelty. However, double­working load is not found in this novel. It means that only few women working in the public world when this story was made. Also, those who were educated women were still rare so that they just hold the role of housekeeper. Therefore, there is no woman holding double role both as a housewife and a career woman. Key Words: gender inequality, marginalization, subordination, stereotype, cruelty

ظـاهرة التـمرد في الكـتابة النـسائية: مظهر للإبـداع الأدبـي الحـديث / The phenomenon of rebellion in women’s writing: Features of creativity in modern literature

ملخص البحث: هذه الدراسة تبحث في ظاهرة التمرد في كتابات المرأة بوصفها من مظاهر الإبداع الأدبي الحديث؛ حيث تبحث في محاولة أشكال التحرير والتمرد ضد أول بناء لكتابات المرأة الأدبية وخصائصها؛ إذ تمارس المرأة عمليات التحدي ضد القوى التي لا يمكن أن تهزمها؛ لأنها تعكس ما حدث لها من الإيذاء النفسي والاجتماعي، مما جعلها تظهر رغبتها في الحرية في محيط العديد من المظاهر. من النتائج المهمة في هذه الدراسة: أنّ جنوح المرأة الكاتبة العربية التي سلكت مسلك التحرر السلبي المبالغ في رد الفعل حوله، أساءت للأدب النسائي من حيث أرادت الإصلاح، وهذا ما جعلنا نشعر أن الوعي النسائي اليوم لا يزال يحبو على أربع، وحريم فاطمة المرنيسي الذي يجعل من حمامات مدينة فاس فضاءات للثرثرة الفارغة ومضغ الكلام، لا يختلف كثيراً عن حريم الصالونات العصرية في وقتنا الحاضر، وأنّ قتامة الصورة ليست إلى هذا الحد في الواقع، فمن زوايا نظر أخرى، انبرت أقلام نسائية تيسر لها من عمق الفهم للمسألة ما مكنها من الدفاع المثمر عن قضية المرأة، بعدما اتخذت التخلف والجهل عدواً، وسندها في ذلك الرجل وشقيقاتها النساء، فأحسنت القول وهي على هذا الدرب النضالي مازالت مستمرة. الكلمات المفتاحية: التمرد- السياسي- الأدبي- الرواية- الكتابات النسائية. Abstract: This study discusses about the phenomenon of rebellion in the writing of women as a feature of creativity in modern literature. It focuses on the forms of rebellion and emancipation against the established norm of literature writing among women. They challenged the forces of which they have no way of defeating by reflecting the personal and social harms. These have pushed them to voice the wishes to break free from many situations. Among the significance of this paper: The inclination of women writer to take the path of excessive negative emancipation had harmed women literature that although it strives to reform but the progress is still slow. In this case the harem of Fatima Mernissi who turned the public bathrooms of Fez as spaces for empty chatting and killing time is no more different from the harem of modern salons in our recent time; that the grimness of the picture is not to this extent a reality. On a different note, some of the women writers did make an impact to defend the women issue and are continuously doing so until now. Keyword: rebellion – political – literature – narrative – women writing. Abstrak: Kajian ini membincangkan tentang fenomena memberontak dalam penulisan wanita sebagaisatu ciri kreatif dalam sastera moden. Ia memberi focus kepada bentuk-bentuk pemberontakan dan kemerdekaan daripada bentuk puisi yang telah menjadi corak yang norma dalam penulisan pengkarya wanita. Mereka cuba untuk mencabar kuasa-kuasa yang tidak dapat mereka tundukkan dengan menonjolkan kesan buruknya kepada individu dan masyarakat yang mendorong mereka untuk cuba meloloskan diri daripada pelbagai situasi. Di antara kesimpulan penting kajian ini ialah: Kecenderungan beberapa penulis wanita untuk mengambil hala tuju emansipasi negatif secara secara keterlaluan telah memberikan kesan buruk terhadap kesusasteraan wanita itu sendiri. Disebabkan itu, kemajuan dalam bidang ini masih lagi amat perlahan. Dalam keadaan ini harem Fatimah Mernissi yang cuba menukarkan tempat mandi awam di Fez untuk ruang berbual menghabiskan masa tidaklah sebenarnya berbeza daripada harem yang bekerja di salun-salun moden; kegelapan gambaran seperti ini setakat ini bukanlah satu realiti lagi. Pada masa yang sama terdapat juda beberapa penulis wanita yang berjaya membela isu-isu yang berkaitan wanita dan mereka masih lagi melakukan usaha tersebut secara berterusan sehingga kini dengan jayanya. Kata kunci: pemberontakan – politik – sastera – naratif – penulisan wanita.