Herbage mass and chemical composition of the heterogeneous grasslands affected by harvesting time in Subtropical terrain Nepal

A study was carried out to evaluate the productivity and chemical composition of heterogeneous grasslands at Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU) livestock farm. The four grassland ecotypes were chosen as upland north, upland south, lowland south and lowland north. The dominating herbage species and cover abundance by the botanical groups were studied on day before the harvesting. Later, the herbage dry matter productivity was estimated by quadrat cutting during May and June, 2017. Chemical analysis was done by using the proximate method for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF) and ether extract (EE) content. Research results showed that the AFU grassland dominated by perennial grasses and sedges followed by the forbs. The mean coverage of grasses and sedges was about 55%, whilst that of forbs was about 29% and the least was for legumes (about 4%). The cumulative herbage mass was about 1.53 t/ ha on the DM basis, whilst the highest DM was found in the upland-south (1.74 t/ha) and the least was in the upland-north (1.334 t/ha). The proximate analysis further revealed that the site had no effect on CF content, whilst the CP was significant only at the second harvest for the lowland north (8.34%). Data revealed that the herbage composition might depend upon the soil moisture availability and geographical aspect. The dominance of perennial grasses at AFU grasslands revealed the yield stability, but needs the improvement through inoculation with leguminous forages for improved feed quality.

Inca Inchi Nuts: A Potential Replacement Crop for Opium Among Subsistence Farmers in Kachin State

The Kachin people of northern Myanmar have been fighting for independence for decades. To fund the political and military struggle, the growth and sale of opium has been used. However, narcotics usage has become a scourge in Kachin society as it has been around the world and there have been increasing attempts to eradicate growth and dampen demand. For opium eradication to be successful and sustainable, farmers must be provided with alternative crops that can provide a decent level of income an which are suitable for prevailing agricultural conditions. One possible such crop is the Inca Inchi nut that originally was found in upland South America. The nut provides a nutritious oil with many benefits to health and has been successfully marketed in the form of beverages, cosmetics and medicinal products. This case study considers the possibility of using Inca Inchi nuts across Kachin State as part of an extensive opium replacement programme.

Upland Livelihoods between Local Land and Global Labour Market Dependencies: Evidence from Northern Chin State, Myanmar

Livelihoods and agrarian change processes across upland South-East Asia have been explored for decades. Yet, knowledge gaps remain about contemporary livelihood strategies and land dependence in areas previously inaccessible to academic research, such as in upland Myanmar. Moreover, new strands of inquiry arise with continued globalisation, e.g., into the effects of remittances and labour migration on household incomes and livelihoods in distant upland areas. This study applied clustering techniques to income accounts of 94 households from northern Chin State, Myanmar to: (i) Identify households’ livelihood strategies; (ii) assess their dependence on access to land and natural resources; and (iii) compare absolute and relative incomes across strategies. We show that households engaged in six relatively distinct livelihood strategies: Relying primarily on own farming activities; making a living off the land with mixed income from agriculture and forest resources; engaging in wage employment; living from remittances; practicing non-forest tree husbandry; or engaging in self-employed business activities. We found significant income inequalities across clusters, with households engaging in remittance and wage-oriented livelihood strategies realizing higher incomes than those primarily involved in land-based activities. Our findings point to differentiated vulnerabilities associated with the identified livelihood strategies—to climate risks, shifting land-governance regimes and labour market forces.

Americanizing the Ozarks

Chapter 3 charts the massive wave of Anglo-American settlement that populated the region between the War of 1812 and the Civil War. The majority of these settlers came from Appalachia and the greater Upland South – from places like East and Middle Tennessee, eastern Kentucky, and western and Piedmont North Carolina – and brought with them folkways that blended European customs and Native American practices. This chapter questions the popular notion of the Ozarks as a haven for the Scots-Irish and suggests instead the ethnic diversity that lay behind white settlement in the region. In addition, chapter 3 chronicles the views of early travelers in the Ozarks and the seeds of the backwoods image that would come to characterize the region.

A History of the Ozarks, Volume 1

A History of the Ozarks, Vol. I: The Old Ozarks is the first book-length account of life in the Ozark region of Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma in the era before the Civil War. Placing the region’s story within the context of North American and United States history, The Old Ozarks follows the human story in the Middle American highlands from prehistoric times until the eve of the Civil War. Along the way it chronicles the rise and fall of the powerful Osages, the settlement of the French in the Mississippi Valley and the flood of Anglo-Americans on the frontier, the resettlement of immigrant Indians from the East, and the development of antebellum society in the diverse terrain of the Ozark uplift. Above all The Old Ozarks follows a narrative approach that focuses on the people whose activities and ambitions brought life to the region, from the Shawnee Quatawapea to Moses Austin, and in turn brings life to many long-forgotten individuals and the lifeways that they brought with them from Tennessee, Kentucky, and other parts of the Upland South. The storyline that flows throughout The Old Ozarks underscores not a region of isolated backwoodsmen but a regional variation of the American story.

SISTEM USAHATANI TANAMAN DAN TERNAK SAPI DI LAHAN KERING KALIMANTAN SELATAN (STUDI KASUS DI DESA BANUA TENGAH DAN SUMBER MAKMUR, KECAMATAN TAKISUNG KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT)

Farming is done in general farmers polyculture with the aim to increase revenues and avoid crop failure. Farming is carried out consisting of several commodities both crops and livestock. Generally farming is done is still not provide sufficient revenues Living Needs. This study aims to determine the system of crop and cattle farming in upland South Kalimantan, and to determine whether the income generated from farming to meet to the needs of decent living. This research is a case study in the village of Central Banua and Sumber Makmur, Takisung district, Tanah Laut regency. This study was conducted in 2012. Research was conducted by way of a survey approach Focus Group Discussion conducted with the involvement of several community leaders /key figures to describe the profile , potential and problems in the region or village level. The analysis used is analysis of revenue, contribution revenue, and contribution to the farm income Living Needs (KHL). The results showed that the dominant farming by farmers in the study site, namely rice, sweet corn and cattle. Mean scale paddy cultivation to 0.62 ha, 0.68 ha of sweet corn and cattle 5.15 Animal Unit. Farming is done generating the value of R/C is more than one viable means for cultivated. The revenue contribution of rice 24.52 %, 50.83 % sweet corn and cows 24.65 % . Contribution income from rice farming, sweet corn and beef cattle on Living Needs of 50.94 %.

Lynching in Late-Nineteenth-Century Michigan

This chapter examines the contexts and discourse surrounding the seven lynchings that occurred in Michigan in the latter decades of the nineteenth century. The relative infrequency of lynching in Michigan was due to the Wolverine State's somewhat earlier white settlement in the 1820s and 1830s, slightly before a prolonged culture conflict between “rough justice” and “due process” sentiments flared across extensive parts of the Midwest, West, and South. The comparative paucity of collective killing in Michigan also stemmed from its preponderance of Yankee settlers, and from its smaller proportion of emigrants from the Upland South. Sporadic lynchings in Michigan drew meaning from varied contexts that included the highly racialized discourse that accompanied the social and political alterations of the Civil War and Reconstruction.