EVOLUTION OF SCIENTIFIC AND THEORETICAL CONTENT OF TERMINOLOGY ELEMENTS "RESORT-RECREATION-TOURISM"

Experience of territorial organization resort, recreational and tourism zones in Ukraine has been generalized. Problems of terminology and classification different territory-spatial objects have been characterized. The article content embraces investigations in both theoretical and applied aspects in the field of geographic and town-building sciences. The publication purpose is to present the basic knowledge in the field of potentialities, main trends and prospects of regional development, creation of really comfortable infrastructure for rest and cultural development of the people. The forming of architecture-landscape environment for rest and tourism is a result a complicated process of integration the unique natural and material objects using functional, organizational and transport-pedestrian relations and creation of various subject-spatial forms for performing the cultural, cognitive, ecological, recreational and other kinds of management. The problems of development of the system «resort-recreation-tourism» as the branch of economy prove to be urgent. Basing on the main principles of «sustainable development» - ecologic, social, cultural and economic stability, the first-turn arrangements should consist in transformation rest and tourism enterprises with market mechanisms of functioning.

ON JUDICIAL PRACTICE IN DISPUTES IN PERMISSIVE LEGAL RELATIONS IN THE SPHERE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

Ukrainian courts consider many cases related with using of norms of permissive legislation in a sphere of economic activity. The purpose of an article is to analyze a court’s rulemaking in cases on permissive relations in spheres of the town-building and the defense of an environment. The author presents and explores some legal positions of the Supreme Court. For example, there are such positions as: 1) absence of a legislation on a special permissive relations doesn’t give a right to do business without appropriate permits; 2) control organs have no power to obligate the economic subjects to receive permits in a situation as the Ukrainian Government hasn’t established a mechanism of giving permits; 3) violations of legislation during realization of rights based on permissive documents have to be confirmed in acts of authorized state organs/permissive organs drafted after the measures of the state supervision (control) in a sphere of economic activity. The author investigates court’s practice of the using of means of provision of obligations by subjects of permissive legal relations. There are court’s decisions on a suspension of enterprises/buildings which violate demands of economic and ecological legislation in a process of a realization of rights for economic operations in accordance with permissive documents. The court’s practice of using of a principle of acquiescence is analyzed in details. This analysis has concluded a declarative character of acquiescence. The author considers that in such cases court has to constitute conditions for a using of the acquiescence or its absence and to use this principle if there are enough conditions. The court’s decisions in cases about the economic operations realized without permits are investigated in the article. The analysis gives a reason to conclude that contemporary concept of a legal interest, which used by courts narrows possibilities for the defense of rights of citizens and organizations violated by breaches of an economic legislation of owners of permissive documents and nonlegal inaction of permissive organs. In addition, the author has proposed some changes for The Law of Ukrainian "On the permissive system in a sphere of economic activity".

Economic Topography

Chapter 3 analyses the economic topography of the town, building on the results presented in Chapter 2. It investigates how far occupations were specialised in different part of the town. It constructs profiles of all the Cambridge parishes, showing how many properties were located in each, how much rent those properties paid, to whom they paid it, who held the properties, and in some cases their occupation too. It is also possible to chart the spatial distribution of occupational names. Because of the missing roll, it is possible for the first time to provide a definitive account of all the parishes. This corrects a bias in previous topographical accounts, which have over-emphasised the north and west of the town at the expense of the south and east.

„Dla powszechnego rozwoju, podniesienia i poprawy naszego księstwa”. Lokacje miast mazurskich w Prusach Książęcych (1525-1701)

The article presents the process of creation of new towns in the Duchy of Prussia (1525-1701), which later became Masuria. More specifically, the paper describes how a hamlet received a location privilege. The establishment of towns described here (Olecko, Gołdap, Węgorzewo, Giżycko,Pisz and Ełk) was initiated by Albert, the Duke of Prussia (1525-1568). He was motivated by the idea partially formulated in the location privilege: “For the general growth, elevation and betterment of our duchy”. The duke personally granted the location privilege only to Olecko, which was the sole town established on previously unsettled land. In the remaining cases, he only gave a verbal promise. This did not guarantee a rapid grant of thelocation privilege as the promise was fulfilled by the duke’s successors in the remaining cases. It happened first in case of Gołdap and Węgorzewo, just several years after the promise had been made. It took a little longer in case of Giżycko (after several decades), while Pisz and Ełk had to wait the longest (almost or more than 100 years). Each town had its own different origins. Gołdap was created quickly (1565-1570) on an area which used to be a duke’s grange. Węgorzewo, Giżycko, Pisz and Ełk waited for several hundred years for a legally binding location privilege. It is important to note that each of the aforementioned towns was established near a former castle of the Teutonic Order. Moreover, the hamlets which developed near the former castles had a different status but they all performed a market or craft function. With time, this function served as a basis for applying for the town privilege. The market function was originally carried out by the peasant hamlets in Węgrorzewo and Giżycko, even though the towns were createdon the tenant farmer villages. Furthermore, the old peasant hamlets still functioned but as the contemporary out-of-town jurydykas (German Schloβfreiheit). Pisz was established on the basis of an old peasant hamlet and it never was a tenant farmer village. In case of Ełk it was the exact opposite, there never was a separate peasant hamlet. The tenant farmervillage located there evolved into a town. Only two towns were founded due to the inhabitants’ initiative, namely Olecko and Gołdap. The remaining ones were established collectively by the whole community. Most frequently, it took place with the participation of the inhabitants of the former hamlets (Giżycko, Pisz, and Ełk). The former inhabitants did not participate in the process of town building only in the case of Węgorzewo and Gołdap.Generally speaking, each location privilege described here gave the towns the so-called town privilege (German Stadtrecht). It described in detail the area of land and the type of the town privilege which was granted (Culm law in each case). Moreover, it allowed the creation of town authorities (mayor, council and bench) and granted them the option to issue documents and statutes (German Willkür) as well as allowed them to possess a seal. Furthermore, it allowed the towns to organize markets and fairs on certainfixed dates as well as regulated the rights and obligations of the townsmen. Even though the location privilege formally meant the end of the town creation process as far the law was concerned, it did not mean that it was the end of its formation. Further steps had to be made to constitute the authorities and the bench, to write statutes (German Willkür), guild regulations, etc.

Town-building cadastre system as a tool for the formation of the investment climate of the administrative-territorial units

Town-building development is an integral part of investment and municipal development and an important prerequisite for the formation of a favorable investment climate characterizing the qualitative level of the administrative-territorial units (ATU) development. In turn the system of town-building cadastre and investment activity of regional enterprises and organizations reflect the effectiveness of the institutional aspect of state building and being the driving force for an active investment policy provide the opportunity to attract the material and intangible potential of the ATU to the sphere of town-planning development. The effectiveness of the interconnection of these both components reconstitutes in the individuality of town-building architecture phenomenon. Therefore receiving an effective mechanism in consequence of the interaction of all participants in the town-planning development process with the aim of creating town-building cadastre system as an instrument for providing investment climate is an important cause for ATU development. The problems of creating the town-building cadastre and monitoring in Ukraine have been investigated in the works of national scientists, such as V. A. Smilka, M.M.Domin, A. A. Liashchenko, O. V. Dobrokhodova and others. The question of the investment climate in town-building activity is not sufficiently investigated. Mostly the experts of state bodies carry out work on planning the development of ATU within the limits of their authority. Therefore, the scientific side of the issue needs further analysis. The analysis of the national legal framework made it possible to establish that ATU development in Ukraine is within the legal framework. However, the shortcomings of the mechanism for implementing the norms of laws and by-laws do not allow attracting significant investment funds for the ATU, and the lack of budget funds deprives town-building ideas further development. European experience shows that the practice of effectively functioning town-building cadastre and monitoring is an integral part of town-building activities. The balance between decentralization and centralization in the process of building the mechanism of participants interaction in the town-building activity enabled to make a positive forecast for improving the investment climate, saving through information and automation and increasing the activities of government and local self-government bodies. The author's position is that in the process of creating a system of town-building cadastre the national regulatory framework allows focusing not only on performing state functions in attracting investment, but also on expanding the horizons of search, involving all interested participants and improving the mechanism of their interaction during town-building activities.

Marina el Alamein. Preliminary report after the 2017 season

Most of the activity during the 2017 season at the archaeological site of Marina el Alamein was focused on two areas situated in the northern part of the town. Building H 40 was one of the main excavation targets: two rooms were cleared, originally part of a large, multi-roomed and most probably prosperous house. The other target was the structure H 39, already explored in earlier seasons, which was now confirmed as a small but richly decorated bath complex with traces of wall painting and geometric mosaic floors.

Growing Up with the Country

Growing Up with the Country documents the migration of freedom’s first generation out of the South and into the West after the Civil War. A narrative history, the book traces three of the author’s ancestors and their successive migrations in the half-century after emancipation. Between 1865 and 1915, tens of thousands of former slaves sought freedom through a series of experiments in land ownership, town building, and emigration that spanned the Mississippi delta, Arkansas, Kansas, Indian Territory, Texas, West Africa, western Canada, Mexico, and beyond. Deepening and widening the roots of the Great Migration, the book argues that their lives and choices complicate notions of the quintessential domesticity and “biracialism” of the nadir, revealing instead the deeply transnational and multiracial dimensions of freedom’s first generation. The book shows that Indian Territory and early Oklahoma served as one of the first sites of African-American transnational movement in the postemancipation period, decentering the United States in North American history even at the turn of the “American century.” It illustrates the gradual emergence of American “biracialism” and the painstaking construction of race and nation that undergirded the rise of American economic, political, and cultural power at the turn of the twentieth century. Finally, the book reveals that historical erasure of this multiracial, multinational past depended upon the manipulation of family and kinship.