Study Of Syntactic Features And Meaning Of The Limitative Expression “saja” In Indonesian, And The Application In Japanese Translation

Indonesian is the word order of SVO. The limitative expression in Indonesian generally functions as an adverb in the sentence. Adverbs to express limitative expression in Indonesian are classified in some variations. In this paper, the researcher clarified the structure and meaning of limitative expression saja in Indonesian. Referring to the term used by Alwi (1998), Sneddon (2000) and Chaer (2009), saja appears to the right of nouns and verbs. Sneddon (2006) uses the word ‘limiter’ to show the meaning of saja. The research methodology used descriptive using actual data. Data analysis was conducted using theory, as stated by Alwi (1998), Sneddon (2000, 2006), and Chaer (2009). When translated into Japanese, the meaning of saja can be converted into various particles. The definition of each of the particles that express the limitation is considered based on the theory of Sawada (2007), Numata (2009), and Nitta (2009). The results of the research are, saja can be classified into five categories; there are uniqueness, multiplicity, continuity, the minimum limit, and extremity. In Japanese, each meaning can be translated into toritatejoshi dake, bakari, and sae.

Adverb of manner and its translations found in the novel “The Good Earth”

The novel the Good Earth is one of the popular novels that tell the story about Chinese culture. Some sentences contain an adverb of manner and its translation from English into Indonesian. The text is analyzed and viewed to find the translation of the adverb of manner. The purpose of this study is to analyze the source translation and get the meaning and its sentence. As we know that an adverb is a word that changes the meaning of a verb, adjective, and a sentence. Adverbs are words like hurriedly, quickly, slowly, and instantly. It modifies a verb or verb phrase. An adverb gives information about the manner, time, place, frequency, or certainty. Adverbials are words groups in which an adverbial phrase tells us something about the verb. They could be taken in the forms of adverbs, adverb phrases, temporal noun phrases or prepositional phrases. Some classifications of adverbial are found in the novel. It is called adverbial of manner. The research aims to find out the translation of manner adverb. The theory used is Brown and Miller (1992) describing that adverb of manner indicating how the event described by the verb.

Pragmatic Competence for L2 Learners: The Case of Maybe, Perhaps, and Possibly as Hedging Terms

The construct of hedging is a significant part of the native speaker’s intuition used to indicate different degrees of un/certainty and mark various levels of likelihood. This paper explores the use of three sentence adverbs, maybe, perhaps, and possibly, in terms of their pragmatic differences in spite of the great deal of overlap in their semantic structure when used to hedge propositions. The use of the three hedging devices is highly affected by three parameters the: formality, positiveness, and possibility. In addition, the three hedging devices behave similarly in the sense that they occur in direct questions but not in imperatives or comparative structures and have no corresponding negative forms. They are different in being derived from an adjective or rephrased with a cognate word and occurring initially in requests or after intensifiers. Appropriate use of hedging is among the difficult aspects of learning a second/foreign language even for those who achieved an advanced level of proficiency in L2.

The representation of modal meaning of French sentence adverbs in a qualitative and quantitative approach

Our aim is to give a representation of the modal contribution of sentence adverbs in comparison to other forms conveying modal meaning, such as tenses and modal verbs. Our analysis will focus on modal sentence adverbs conveying epistemic meaning. These will be compared with the modal verbs pouvoir (can) and devoir (must) as well as with some uses of the future tense (called epistemic uses), with the purpose to present a model allowing to apprehend modal meanings transmitted by lexical and grammatical forms in order to differentiate their functioning. We will then substantiate our qualitative analysis by quantitative studies on the collocates that the modal sentence adverbs co-occur with in contemporary corpora constituted of 21st century newspapers, as well as in two other corpora representing two different genres and time periods: Universalis Encyclopedia and the digital edition of the Encyclopedia of Diderot and d’Alembert.

Epistemic sentence adverbs, epistemic complement-taking predicates and epistemic pragmatic markers

This study presents a formal and functional data-driven characterization of sentence adverbs. We define epistemic sentence adverbs as semantic predicates that validate the truth value of their scopes and are macrosyntactically dependent on them. We distinguish epistemic sentence adverbs on the one hand from epistemic complement-taking predicates – i. e., semantic predicates that validate the truth value of their scopes and govern them microsyntactically – and on the other hand from epistemic pragmatic markers – i. e., semantic predicates that validate the truth value of their scopes and that are syntactically independent of them. We also hypothesize that epistemic sentence adverbs have a specific functional role. Unlike (most) epistemic complement taking predicates, they express a non-addressable epistemic evaluation of the scope; unlike pragmatic markers they serve to qualify, rather than negotiate, the epistemic evaluation of the scope. We show that such a distinction is not necessarily inscribed at the lexical level: even though some words invariably behave as sentence adverbs, other words can be classified as epistemic sentence adverbs in some syntactic contexts, and as other epistemic markers in other syntactic contexts.

Romance sentence adverbs in -mente: Epistemic mitigation in synchrony and diachrony

In Romance, epistemic sentence adverbs expressing certainty often reduce the truth value of the proposition. Examples such as Fr. sûrement and Sp. seguramente convey probability and even doubt rather than certainty. This phenomenon, called epistemic mitigation, is the topic of this paper. It will be shown that the intuitive first glance impression of epistemic mitigation masks a bundle of other factors: subjectivization, inferential mitigation, politeness, “better language”, and style. Italian is shown to keep to baseline subjectivization, while French, Portuguese, and Spanish tend to develop further inferential mitigation. The paper presents “ten facts” that explain the interplay of these factors at the levels of function and culture, and in both synchrony and diachrony. The paper thereby proposes a complex synthesis. Further empirical investigation will be required to test the facts and arguments presented.

The hidden side of adverbs

This paper will address the predicative nature of manner adverb(ial)s and of three types of sentence adverbs (subject-oriented, modal, and evaluative) in Italian. Predication often becomes overt by means of morphological correlates. Is it possible to find any such evidence with invariable adverbs? To unveil their predicative nature, a procedure will be suggested in which two sentences, one with a -mente adverb, the other with its cognate adjective (a) share the content morphemes (identity of the signifiant) and (b) entail each other (identity of the signifié as regards semantic roles). A number of such pairs will be discussed, examples of which include: Intelligentemente, Leo intervenne ‘Cleverly, Leo intervened’ and Leo fu intelligente a intervenire ‘Leo was clever to intervene’. We aim to ascertain if the argument structure of the adjective and the semantic role(s) which it assigns can shed light on the very same properties of the cognate adverb.

Sensibly and appropriately the judge considered… A corpus-based study of sentence adverbs in judicial language

The paper presents a contrastive corpus-assisted discourse study of sentence adverbs in Italian, English and Spanish judicial discourse.The hypothesis guiding the study is that, although judges’ attitude is supposed to be impartial, as they represent the so-called “bouche de la loi”, their opinion is present in the texts and sentence adverbs are one of the pragmatic vehicles used to express their stance.The corpus used for the analysis is a trilingual subcorpus of COSPE (Pontrandolfo 2016) that has been POS-tagged (194,000 tokens for each language). The focus has then been placed exclusively on adverbs ending in -mente and -ly for being those that more than others contribute to express evaluative nuances in judicial discourse.Results demonstrate that quantitatively adverbs in -mente/-ly do not account for a significant percentage, which is in line with Biber et al.’s (1999) findings in other registers (conversation, academic prose). However, qualitatively and discursively, these adverbs play a pivotal role at a pragmatic level, since they contribute to judicial argumentation (cf., among others, Mazzi 2014).