Influence of the Structural-Phase State of a Copper Substrate upon Modification with Titanium Ions on the Thermal Cyclic Resistance of a Coating Based on Zr-Y-O

The results of investigation of the surface of a copper substrate modified with titanium ions are presented. The phase composition, the structure, and the morphology of the surface of the copper alloy modified by titanium ions have been investigated by X-ray, SEM, and TEM. It has been established that there are the intermetallic phases of the Cu-Ti equilibrium diagram in the surface layer during the treatment of copper by the titanium ions. A multilevel micro- and nanoporous structure is formed in the modified layer. It has been established that the structure-phase state and morphology of the surface layers of copper directly effects on the thermocycler resistance and adhesion of the Zr-Y-O coating. The thermocyclic resistance of the Zr-Y-O coating increases by an order of magnitude, the adhesion to the substrate is 2 times if the substrate surface is treated with titanium ions for 6 min.

Undrained Cyclic Response and Resistance of Saturated Calcareous Sand considering Initial Static Shear Effect

Sand elements in the natural or manmade field have often undergone initial static shear stresses before suffering cyclic loading. To explore the effect of static shear stress, a series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests were performed on dense and loose calcareous sand under different initial and cyclic shear stresses. The triaxial test results are used to describe the effect of static shear stress on the cyclic response of the calcareous sand with different relative density. Cyclic mobility, flow deformation, and residual deformation accumulation are the three main failure modes under varying static and cyclic shear stress levels. The cyclic resistance of dense sand is greater than that of loose sand, but the initial static stress has different effects on the cyclic resistance of the two kinds of sand. The dense sand owns a higher cyclic resistance with SSR increasing, while for the loose sand, 0.12 is the critical SSR corresponding to the lowest value of the cyclic resistance. The dense sand has more fast accumulation of dissipated energy, compared with loose sand. Additionally, an exponential relationship is established between static shear stress, relative density, and normalized energy density.

Insights from CPTu and Seismic Cone Penetration Testing in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Seismic hazard assessment often relies on static piezocone penetration tests (CPTu) to estimate the cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) and for the evaluation of in situ soil behavior. This article presents CPTu data acquired in the Kathmandu valley sediments and makes use of established CPTu interpretation procedures to assess the soil in situ properties. Up to this point predominantly SPT data and limited shear wave velocity measurements have been relied upon to assess the variability and seismic response of soil deposits underlying Kathmandu. This article provides 1) additional data to add to the existing SAFER/GEO-591 database, 2) new shear-wave velocity measurements, and 3) initial estimates of CRR at the sites visited. Based on the work presented in this article, it is concluded that a more detailed methodology is needed for liquefaction assessment mainly due to the presence of saturated silts in the valley.

STABILITAS TIANG PANCANG AKIBAT LIKUIFAKSI PADA PROYEK GEDUNG SANGGALA JAKARTA

Liquefaction is an incident where the soil losses its shear strength due to increased porewater stress due to the incident of very fast cyclic loading in a short time. Liquefaction event due to earthquakes can cause structural failure of the building. In this case, the Sanggala Building Project in Jakarta exists at location of liquefaction potential susceptible area, and design analysis only uses the data of Cone Penetration Test (CPT). Stability analysis of pile due to liquefaction potential is aimed to determine the value of the factor of safety (FS) in the area, which is analyzed by comparing the value of Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR) due to the earthquake and Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) as the soil resistance to resist liquefaction potential. Based on the analysis and calculations performed, was obtained the value of FS > 1, which means actually the soil does not have the liquefaction potential. However, this study still takes into consideration the liquefaction potential as one of requirements of local regulation when the analysis of bearing capacity of pile foundation analyzed by the method of Schmertmann (1978) in a depth of 25 m and the results was indicated by 1660,27 kN for single pile and 12081,63 kN for the group piles. Furthermore, all these results from several stability calculations, the pile foundation system stable from liquefaction potential.

Analisis Potensi Likuefaksi pada Tanah Pasir Akibat Gempa (Studi Kasus Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat)

ABSTRAKPada hari Minggu, 5 Agustus 2018 pukul 19:46 WITA, gempa bumi mengguncang wilayah Labuan, Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat dengan skala magnitudo M7,0. Akibat guncangan tersebut, terjadi peristiwa likuefaksi di sebagian wilayah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat dan menimbulkan kerusakan yang signifikan. Peristiwa likuefaksi dapat terjadi apabila mengalami peningkatan tekanan air pori yang dipicu oleh gempa bumi sehingga mengakibatkan tanah kehilangan kekakuan dan kuat geser tanah. Likuefaksi pada umumnya terjadi pada tanah pasir lepas dengan kondisi jenuh air. Dalam menganalisis potensi terjadinya likuefaksi di lokasi penelitian, digunakan nilai percepatan puncak di batuan dasar (PGA) sebesar 4,13 m/s2dan menggunakan data tanah hasil pengujian Standard Penetration Test (SPT). Hasil perbandingan antara ketahanan tanah atau Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) dengan kemampuan tanah terlikuefaksi atau Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR) menunjukkan bahwa likuefaksi terjadi pada rata-rata kedalaman 5,5 m – 19.5 m.Kata kunci: likuefaksi, cyclic stress ratio (CSR), cyclic resistance ratio (CRR), faktor keamanan (FK) ABSTRACTOn Sunday, August 5 2018 at 19:46 WITA, an earthquake has shook Labuan, Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara with magnitude 7.0 scale. As a result of the earthquake, liquefaction occurred in several regions of West Nusa Tenggara and caused severe damage. Liquefaction can occure when an increase in pore water pressure is triggered by an earthquake, which causes the soil losing its shear strength and stiffness. Liquefaction mostly occured in sand loose and saturated condition. Analysis of liquefaction based on Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at the research site 4.13 m/s2 were done according to the data of SPT (Standard Penetration Test). By comparing the value of soil resistance to liquefaction or Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) and the ability of soil to be liquefied or Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR), the analysis shows the soil in that area are liquefied at depth of 5.5 m – 19.5 m.Keywords: liquefaction, cyclic stress ratio (CSR), cyclic resistance ratio (CRR), safety of factor (SF)

Evaluation of liquefaction potentials based on shear wave velocities in Pohang City, South Korea

This study evaluates the potentials of liquefaction caused by the 2017 moment magnitude 5.4 earthquake in Pohang City, South Korea. We obtain shear wave velocity profiles measured by suspension PS logging tests at the five sites near the epicenter. We also perform downhole tests at three of the five sites. Among the five sites, the surface manifestations (i.e., sand boils) were observed at the three sites, and not at the other two sites. The maximum accelerations on the ground surface at the five sites are estimated using the Next Generation Attenuation relationships for Western United State ground motion prediction equations. The shear wave velocity profiles from the two tests are slightly different, resulting in varying cyclic resistance ratios, factors of safety against liquefaction, and liquefaction potential indices. Nevertheless, we found that both test approaches can be used to evaluate liquefaction potentials. The liquefaction potential indices at the liquefied sites are approximately 1.5–13.9, whereas those at the non-liquefied sites are approximately 0–0.3.

Flow liquefaction potential of loose sand: stress path envelope and energy–based evaluation

Flow liquefaction, which is characterized by sudden collapse following the unstable behavior of saturated loose sand, may lead to the most catastrophic consequence of all liquefaction–related phenomena. This note presents a systematic experimental investigation into the flow liquefaction potential of sand under various initial and cyclic shear conditions. The cyclic flow liquefaction responses are compared to the monotonic shear results under an identical initial testing condition. It is found that the effective stress path of a monotonic test appears to envelop that of its corresponding cyclic test. The energy–based liquefaction potential evaluation indicates that the accumulative dissipated energy is uniquely correlated not only with the pore pressure and axial strain induced in sand, but also with the degraded stiffness during cyclic loading. Furthermore, the energy capacity for triggering the flow liquefaction appears to be intimately related to the cyclic resistance of sand; this signifies the potential applicability of energy–based liquefaction potential evaluation using strength data available in conventional analysis.