Towards Language Sensitivity and Diversity in the Digital Humanities

English Recent years have seen a growing focus on diversity in the digital humanities, and yet there has been rather less work on geolinguistic diversity, and the research which has been carried out often focuses on the structures of geographic representation in the field or has viewed ‘language’ as a technical or linguistic problem to solve. This article takes a different view, namely that we need to consider this diversity through multiple ‘frames’ of digitally-mediated language and culture, and that this is not just a question of epistemic justice or community manners, but that the digital humanities also need to address more actively challenges around global dynamics of digital multilingualism, transcultural exchange and geodiversity in its research agenda. This paper explores these questions through the prism of ‘language indifference’ in digital studies and, responding to Galina’s call for better data on the state of geolinguistic diversity in DH (2014), it articulates possible frameworks for addressing this diversity in a strategic, programmatic and research-led manner. We conclude by exploring the role of a greater multilingual focus in what Liu calls ‘the techne of diversity’ in digital humanities (2020), and contend that the digital humanities has much to gain, and much to offer, in engaging more fully with the languages-related cultural challenges of our era. RésuméCes dernières années l’accent a été mis de plus en plus sur la diversité dans les sciences humaines numériques, et pourtant il y a plutôt eu moins de travaux sur la diversité geo linguistique, et les recherches qui ont été menées portent souvent sur les structures de la représentation géographique sur le terrain, ou estiment le ‘langage’ comme un problème technique ou linguistique à résoudre. Cet article adopte un point différent, à savoir que nous devons considérer cette diversité à travers plusieurs ‘cadres’ de culture et de language à médiation numérique, cela n’étant pas uniquement une question de justice ou de savoir-faire communautaire, mais que, dans son programme de recherches, les sciences humaines numériques doivent également relever plus activement les défis à la dynamique mondiale du multilinguisme numérique, aux échanges transculturels et à la geo diversité. Ce document explore ces questions à travers le prisme de ‘l’indifférence linguistique’ dans les études numériques et, en réponse à l’appel de Galina pour de meilleures données sur l’état de la diversité geo linguistique dans DH (2014), il définit des systèmes possibles pour faire face à cette diversité de manière stratégique, programmatique et axée sur la recherche. Nous en concluons qu’en explorant le rôle d’une meilleure focalisation sur le multilinguisme dans les humanités numériques de ce que Liu appelle ‘la tech de la diversité’ (2020) et nous soutenons que les sciences humaines numériques ont beaucoup à gagner en s’engageant pleinement dans les défis culturels liés aux langues de notre époque.Mots-clés: Humanités numériques multilingues, Diversité linguistique et culturelle, Langues modernes numériques, Indifférence linguistique, Perturber le monolinguisme numérique

Thinking with Diplomacy: Within and Beyond Practice Theory

Following the considerable interest in practice theory, this Collective Discussion interrogates what it means to practice and, ultimately, to think with diplomacy. In asking how empirical, methodological, and axiological disagreements over what constitutes diplomatic practice can be productively employed to develop or revise practice theory, the Discussion engages the historically and culturally contingent practices of diplomacy. In doing so, it goes beyond the conventional interactions that assume a fixed and singular identity for diplomacy. The Discussion aims, on the one hand, to pluralize the notion of diplomatic practice, and, on the other, to reflexively retrieve “theory” from the everyday and alternative practices of diplomacy that are often missed by the radar of practice theory. It thus seeks to reassess practice theory using insights from the very terrain of action it employs to develop its distinctive viewpoint. The Discussion contributes, moreover, to the rapidly changing field of Diplomatic Studies that has recently opened up to cross- and trans-disciplinary conversations with political geography, social anthropology, digital studies, visual studies, and new materialism.

P093 A Systematic Review of Adherence to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) - Key Findings

Introduction Research into factors influencing adherence to CBT-I and how adherence impacts treatment outcomes remains scarce. Through a systematic review, we aimed to determine how adherence is assessed; which factors predict adherence; and which treatment outcomes are predicted by adherence. Methods Included publications met the following criteria: adults with insomnia; an intervention of CBT-I, including sleep restriction (SRT) and/or stimulus control (SCT); a reported measure of adherence; and written in English. Results Final n=103 papers. Measures assessed either global adherence or adherence to specific components of CBT-I via questionnaires, sleep diaries, interviews, or actigraphy. Most common measures were sleep diary-derived CBT-I components for therapist-led studies, and module completion for digital studies. Twenty-eight papers (27.2% of total) examined predictors of adherence. Depression, pre- and post-session sleep, psychosocial support, and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep predicted adherence. Demographic variables, other psychological comorbidities, insomnia severity, and sleep questionnaires did not predict adherence. Twenty-eight papers (27.2%) examined whether adherence predicted treatment outcomes. Neither global adherence nor adherence to any specific component of therapist-led CBT-I reliably predicted sleep outcomes. For digital CBT-I, completion of treatment modules was linked to improvements in ISI, however there were only five studies. Conclusion There was a high degree of heterogeneity in how adherence was measured, and in predictors and outcome variables assessed. This heterogeneity likely explains why adherence does not appear to predict treatment outcome. The field needs to develop a standardised method for assessing each specific adherence construct to fully understand the role of adherence in CBT-I.

Spectacularized and Branded Digital (Re)presentations of Black People and Blackness

Digital racism and the online experiences of Black people have been foregrounded in vital contemporary research, particularly Black scholarship and critical race and digital studies. As digital developments occur rapidly there is a need for work which theorizes recent expressions of digital anti-Blackness, including since increased marketing industry interest in the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement in 2020. This paper explores digital racism related to online (re)presentations of Black people and associated racist marketplace logics, digital practices, and (re)mediations of Blackness in the service of brands. Focusing on computer-generated imagery (CGI) racialized online influencers, the spectacularization of Black pain and lives, digital marketing approaches, and digital Blackface, this work contextualizes anti-Black digital racism by reflecting on its connection to centuries of white supremacy and often under-investigated racial capitalism. Overall, this work examines the shape-shifting nature of anti-Black digital racism and commercial components of it which are impacted by intersecting oppressions.

Netnography: towards a new sociological approach of qualitative research in the digital age

This paper tackles the question of netnography in the digital age. The shifts that the world has known during these last decades lead to the emergence of a new paradigm. The research in digital studies raises today many issues about the notions and the methods that we should use in this new field of study. We aim from our research to contribute to this current scientific discussion through a main question that we intend to address in our paper, and which we can formulate as follows: what is the nature of the criteria and the characteristics which make netnography a different method than ethnography? And if the subject of study in this practice is virtual and geographically undetermined, how can the researcher limit it, and how can he address it scientifically? Our goal from this paper is to unveil the specificity of netnography as a new notion and a new practice in sociology. So, we will formulate our perception of this concept by demarcating the lines between it and the other notions which intersect with it, namely, ethnography.

REAL TIME TEMPORALITIES AND MORE-THAN-HUMAN ECOLOGIES OF DETROIT’S PROJECT GREEN LIGHT

On January 1st 2016, 8 gas stations in the Detroit metro area began streaming from surveillance cameras to the Detroit Police Department’s Real Time Crime Center—the auspicious start of Detroit’s Project Green Light (PGL). Presently, cameras are located in over 680 sites around the city. The surveillance initiative’s rapid expansion has been met with significant pushback from the community regarding its quiet incorporation of automated face recognition technologies. As activists have argued, the use of a technology with a significantly higher error rate for people of color to surveil a population that is over 80% nonwhite risks reproducing and exacerbating existing racial biases within the criminal justice system (Detroit Community Technology Project, 2019). Many of the concerns that community members have raised, including the possibility of algorithmic misidentification and the influence of PGL cameras on residents’ use of public space, speak to the question of what human and nonhuman agencies and relationalities exist in PGL spaces and their impact on the residents and landscape of Detroit. In this paper, I focus on the discursive flexibility of the term real time in PGL to diagram the web of human and nonhuman relations within the space. I trace three narratives of real time mapping the human and nonhuman temporalities they reference. Informed by a theoretical framework of Digital Studies, Critical Race Studies, and Indigenous Studies, I explore the racial justice possibilities of theorizing resistance inclusive of more-than-human perspectives and ethics.

Reclaiming HIV/AIDS in digital media studies

This article puts forward an argument for the importance of HIV/AIDS to digital studies, focusing, focusing on the North American context. Tracing conjoined histories and presents makes clear that an HIV-informed approach to digital media studies offers methods for attuning to marginalized media practices that should be central to interrogating the politics, relations, and aesthetics of digital media. Artist Kia LaBeija’s #Undetectable (2016) is closely analyzed in order to explicate some of HIV’s potential resonances for digital studies, including viral media and justice-based responses to surveillance. We then propose a methodological framework for centering HIV in understandings of three key concepts for the field: (1) networks; (2) social media and platforms; and, (3) digital history. We argue that HIV-positive users bring expertise to navigating digital infrastructures that can surveil and harm while also facilitating pleasure and connection. Such tension provides models of response that publics need to insist upon more just digital tools and structures for our unfolding present.