ACQUISITION OF SENTENCES BY A THREE-YEAR-OLD INDONESIAN BOY: A CASE STUDY ON M. GENTAMAS RANSI ALDEN

This study was investigated about the acquisition of sentences by three-year-old Indonesian boy, M. Gentamas Ransi Alden. The objective of this study were to investigated the sentences that produced by three years old Indonesia boy, and to explain the reason for the sentences produced based on mood in a case study on M. Gentamas Ransi Alden. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative research design. The data were utterances from a three years old Indonesia boy and source of data taken from M. Gentamas Ransi Alden. For the duration of almost three months, the researcher observed and recorded the subject’s produced sounds, words, and sentences. The researcher also observed how the learner interacts with various linguistics inputs to see how the subject processes them. Finally, the researcher also observed him as interacts with people to determine the levels of the various constructs of his communicative competence. The result of the data showed that the subject already acquired the sentences based on mood, they are: 1) declarative sentences, 2) imperative sentences, 3) exclamatory sentences, and 4) interrogative sentences. In acquiring the second language, the research subject acquired the sentence during the process of imitating from their parents since they start over to speak. The subject used a declarative sentence to declare their statements, the interrogative sentence they use it to ask about information of something, the exclamatory sentences they use to shows about the emotion and also to declare their statement, and the imperative sentences to ask another to do something. Keywords: Children Sentence Acquisition, Kinds of Sentences, a Three Year Old, Indonesian Boy

Prevalence of Caries and it’s Association with Oral Health Literacy in Children of Ngo’s

Aim: The study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of dental caries and its association with oral health literacy among under privileged children of NGOs (Non-governmental organization). Methodology: The main target of our research was to collect data of children studying at different NGOs (Non-governmental organization). Out of 4756 registered NGOs (Non-governmental organization) of Punjab, 2 were selected; The Noor Project and SOS Village. A total of 382 NGO’s (Non-governmental organization) children aged 5-11 years old were examined for dental caries and oral hygiene. The data was collected through a validated questionnaire and a standard method of dmft screening was used. Results: Exploratory analyses were performed to examine the distributions of the data and to identify outliers and missing data. Bivariate analyses were used to explore the associations between each of the covariates and OHL via Pearson’s χ2 statistics for categorical variables. The p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. There was significant association between oral health status and poor OHL amongst children. Keywords: Children, Oral Health, Survey, NGO, Lahore.

The Development of Sewing Board Media to Optimize the Fine Motor Abilities of Students with Cerebral Palsy

Disability can be classified into two types, namely disorders of the function of the orthopedic limb (orthopedic disability) and disorders of the function of the nerve (neurological disability). The purpose of this study was to optimize the fine motor skills of students with cerebral palsy at TKLB SLB D YPAC, South Jakarta, through sewing board media. In this study, the ADDIE Approach (Analysis-Design-Develop-ImplementEvaluate) was used. The sewing board media developed in this study were shown to be effective and can be used in optimizing the fine motor skills of students with cerebral palsy. Keywords: children with special needs, cerebral palsy, fine motor, sewing board media

Literature Review : Hubungan Penggunaan Gadget Terhadap Miopia Pada Anak

The developmentof technology causeschildren to spend time withgadgets. Meanwhile, their outdoor activities are reduced. The use ofgadget with close distances and long durations results in the eyes being continuously accommodated so that it can cause myopia. This Study aimed to analyze the correlation betweengadget useand myopia in children. The research uses a quantitative descriptive correlation study with a literature review approach. The databases used are PubMed, Garba Garuda, and Google Scholar. Articles are selected based on the suitability of keywords, topics and inclusion and exclusion criteria that have been determined. The articles used in researching five articles from 2011-2021. The critical research instrument used is the JBI (The Joanna Briggs Institute) instrument. The results of the literature review of 5 articles showed that duration ofgadgets use wasmostly more than 2 hours (60.0% or 136 respondents). The distance of gadgets use was mostly less than30cm (59.5% or 176 respondents). The position of gadget use was mostly in the sleeping position (64.3% or 146 respondents). Myopiarefractive disorderswere 176 (31,3%). Three articles showed a correlation between viewing distanceusing gadgets and myopia with a p-value <0.05. There was no correlationbetween duration and position ofgadget use with myopia with p-value >0.05. Of the five articles, there are three articles that have a relationship between the distance between gadget use and myopia with a p-value <0.05.Keywords: Children; gadgets; myopia AbstrakSemakin berkembangnya teknologi menyebabkan anak menghabiskan waktu dengan gadget, sementara aktivitas di luar ruangan menjadi berkurang. Penggunaan gadget dengan jarak yang dekat dan durasi yang lama berakibat pada mata yang terus menerus berakomodasi sehingga dapat menyebabkan terjadinya miopia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan penggunaan gadget terhadap miopia pada anak secara literature review. Penelitian menggunakan metode kuantitatif jenis studi deskriptif korelatif dengan pendekatan literature review. Database yang digunakan PubMed, Garba Garuda, dan Google Scholar. Artikel diseleksi berdasarkan kesesuaian kata kunci, topik serta kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang tekah ditentukan. Artikel yang digunakan dalam penelitian berjumlah lima artikel rentang waktu 2011-2021. Instrumen telaah kritis yang digunakan adalah instrumen JBI (The Joanna Briggs Institute). Hasil penelitian literature review dari ke lima artikel menunjukan durasi penggunaan gadget sebagian besar >2 jam sebanyak 136 (60,0%), jarak penggunaan gadget sebagian besar <30cm sebanyak 176 (59,5%), dan posisi penggunaan gadget sebagian besar pada posisi tidur sebanyak 146 (64,3%). Gangguan refraksi miopia sebanyak 176 (31,3%). Dari kelima artikel terdapat tiga artikel yang ada hubungan antara jarak pandang penggunaan gadget dengan miopia dengan p-value <0,05. Dari kelima artikel terdapat tiga artikel yang tidak ada hubungan durasi dan dari ketiga artikel terdapat dua artikel yang tidak ada hubungan posisi penggunaan gadget dengan miopia dengan p-value >0,05. Dari kelima artikel terdapat tiga artikel yang ada hubungan antara jarak penggunaan gadget terhadap miopia dengan p-value <0,05.Kata kunci: Anak; gadget; miopia

Identifikasi Ketunaan Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus dengan Algoritma Iterative Dichotomiser 3 (ID3)

Disability Identification of Children with Special Needs Using An Iterative Dichotomiser 3 Algorithm (ID3). By using the identification of children with special needs, information about children having abnormalities will be collected, and the results are used as the basis for preparing the child's learning program. Identifying disabilities process requires instruments classifying the issues and the disorders. The current disability identification process is extremely complicated, where the average number of instruments made by schools/institutions is 100 pieces. The complexity can also be observed in the presence of similar items as well as some of the same items on different disabilities. The process can be accelerated by doing data mining. One of its models is Iterative Dichotomiser (ID3) that can solve problems by generating a decision tree. This research implemented ID3 model to 152 symptoms as attribute, 11 labels, and 84 data. This model had 91.81% accuracy with cross-validation test. Decision tree generated by this model can make disabilities identification easier. Keywords: Children with Special Needs, Identification, Iterative Dichotomiser (ID3)Abstrak. Dengan adanya Identifikasi Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus akan terhimpun informasi apakah seorang anak mempunyai kelainan kemudian hasilnya dijadikan dasar penyusunan program pembelajaran anak tersebut. Proses identifikasi ketunaan memerlukan instrumen-instrumen dimana dari instrumen tersebut dapat diklasifikasikan sehingga dapat diketahui kecenderungan dari penyimpangan atau kelainan yang dimiliki. Proses identifikasi ketunaan saat ini sangat rumit dimana ratarata jumlah butir instrumen yang dibuat sekolah/lembaga sebanyak 100 buah. Kerumitan juga dapat dilihat dengan adanya butir yang mirip pada ketunaan yang berbeda. Proses ini dapat dipermudah dengan melakukan data mining. Salah satu modelnya adalah Iterative Dichotomiser 3(ID3) yang dapat menyelesaikan masalah dengan menghasilkan pohon keputusan. Dari total instrumen sebanyak 152 Gejala dan data set identifikasi sebanyak 84 ABK, dihasilkan node dari pohon keputusan sebanyak 11 rule. Klasifikasi metode ID3 telah diuji dengan cross-validation dan mendapatkan akurasi sebesar 91.81%. Hasil Pohon keputusan dari metode ID3 memudahkan dalam memprediksi identifikasi ketunaan pada ABK.Kata Kunci: Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus, Identifikasi, Iterative Dichotomiser (ID3)

Challenges of teaching children literature online in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the COVID 19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to all the health, psychological, economic and other consequences it left, directly affected all levels of the education system in the world, including Bosnia and Herzegovina. Unlike other studies and courses studied at higher education institutions, the specificity of literature teaching is that in addition to textbooks on theoretical aspects of literature, students have a mandatory reading list. The paper aims to present ways of adapting to online children’s literature teaching and the challenges faced by teachers and students of pedagogical faculties at two public universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In terms of the analysis of the results of online teaching, Kirkpatrick 's evaluation model was applied, which is also the basic method of this paper. Keywords: children; COVID-19; literature; online teaching; Kirkpatrick’s model

The effect of dentist gender on the anxiety level of visiting children

Anxiety and fear of dentistry are some of the common topics among most children. The purpose of this study is to survey the effect of therapist gender on the anxiety of children. Due to considerable hypotheses and questions in this study, the t-dependent method is used to reach results. Zung questionnaire was used for the assessment of children's anxiety to 8 years old age, which was included 20 questions that considered a physical and mental condition of anxiety, which is based on the spectrum scales of not being, low, medium, and high. The statistical community consisted of 60 people obtained through a random selection of samples. The results arising from this study showed that children have more cooperation and calmness with female therapists, and their anxiety is less than the children who were treated by male therapists. Keywords: Children anxiety, therapist, gender, visiting children, dentistry

CONCEPTUAL ADVERTISING LITERACY LEVEL OF CHILDREN IN INDIA

Market for children consumption is growing worldwide and hence the marketing effort. Marketers are keen to know the behavioural secrets to influence children’s consumptions. The promotional efforts are need to be more fruitful and focused, therefore imperative to understand the conceptual advertising literacy level of the targeted child consumers. In order to reveal the related facts, the study examines the conceptual advertising literacy level of children in India. In a computer assisted survey of 392 children between the age brackets of 8-12 years, the researchers examine their ability of advertising recognition, understanding of advertising selling intent and understanding of advertising persuasive intent regarding brand promotion efforts. Results confirm that advertising recognition and understanding selling intent is high in children but children do not acquire a clear understanding of advertising persuasive intent until the age of 9-10 years. Furthermore, children’s understanding of advertising’s selling intent emerges before their comprehension of its persuasive intent. KEYWORDS: Children, Advertising Literacy, Persuasive Intent, Selling Intent

Social Media communicative skills of younger students with intellectual disabilities in science education course

Social and communication skills of individuals with intellectual disabilities are limited. It is important to support children who are affected from an early age by the insufficiency in terms of social cohesion and social skills. Social skills deficiencies lead to failure in academic skills and it is known that academic success and social skills are closely related. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of an intervention program on enhancing socio-communication skills of children with intellectual disability in science education course. Experimental research was carried out in the study in order to examine the effectiveness of an intervention program designed to promote social and communication skills of students with intellectual disability. A total number of 59 individuals with intellectual disability participated in the study. The level of development and features of development of social and communicative skills in this category are revealed. Results obtained from the study were discussed with relevant results from the literature and implications for further research and practices were provided. Keywords: children with intellectual disabilities, social and communication skills, intervention;

CONCEPTUALIZING DEATH: HOW DO CHILDREN IN TURKEY UNDERSTAND DEATH?

Death is a hard concept to understand and a delicate subject to talk about, especially with children. The primary purpose of the current study was to investigate the development of death concept in children between the ages of 3-10. We also aimed to examine the influence of parental communication in the concept’s development. Fifty-four children (M = 6.44; 30 girls, 24 boys) and their parents (N = 37) were recruited. Children were interviewed one-on-one to evaluate their cognitive and emotional understanding of death. Moreover, their parents were administered a questionnaire to assess how they communicated the concept to their children. We found that older children (7-10 years) grasped some cognitive subcategories of death better than younger children (3-7 years). Our results also showed that both younger and older children had better cognitive and emotional comprehension of the concept if their parents have communicated it to them. These findings suggest that talking to children about death, in an age-appropriate way, helps them perceive the concept better. Age-appropriate communication, especially on an important topic such as death, can further be discussed in terms of social policy. Keywords: children and death, death concept, development of death comprehension, parental communication