Discrepancies in Observed and Predicted Longitudinal Change in Central Hemodynamic Measures: The Framingham Heart Study

Community-based studies have evaluated cross-sectional age relations of aortic stiffness measures, which are not often recapitulated in longitudinal studies. We examined baseline and longitudinal change in aortic stiffness in 5491 participants (mean age, 49.5±14.5 years; 54% women) who attended 2 sequential examinations (6.0±0.6 years apart) of the Framingham Heart Study. Cross-sectional relations of central hemodynamics (mean arterial pressure, central pulse pressure, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, and characteristic impedance) with age and risk factors were assessed at visits 1 and 2 (models 1 and 2). We used model 1 coefficients (M 1 ), visit 1 risk factor levels (R 1 ), and age at each visit (A 1 , A 2 ) to estimate values at visits 1 (M 1 R 1 A 1 ) and 2 (M 1 R 1 A 2 ). While using model 1 coefficients, we accounted for age and risk factor level (R 2 ) changes to predict values at visit 2 (M 1 R 2 A 2 ). Using model 2 coefficients (M 2 ) and visit 2 age and risk factor levels, we predicted visit 2 values (M 2 R 2 A 2 ). We calculated predicted change 3 ways: delta1=M 1 R 1 A 2 −M 1 R 1 A 1 , delta2=M 1 R 2 A 2 −M 1 R 1 A 1 , and delta3=M 2 R 2 A 2 −M 1 R 1 A 1 . Delta1 values were biased and correlated poorly with actual changes ( r =−0.02–0.14). For mean arterial pressure, delta1=1.9±0.8 mm Hg ( r =0.14), observed change=−3.3±10.3 mm Hg, and discrepancy=5.2±10.2 mm Hg ( P <0.0001). For characteristic impedance, delta1=7.2±14.7 dyne×sec/cm 5 ( r =0.07), observed change=20.5±68.2 dyne×sec/cm 5 , and discrepancy=−13.3±68.7 dyne×sec/cm 5 ( P <0.0001). Delta2 values were moderately correlated with change ( r =0.17–0.54) but remained biased whereas delta3 values were moderately correlated with change with no bias. Projected change in hemodynamic measures extrapolated from cross-sectional age relations may differ substantially from actual change, particularly for variables with nonlinear age relations.

‘The Most Valuable National Fund’

At the heart of Zionists’ nation-building project was the care and education of Jewish children in East-Central Europe. Young people were particularly affected by the war, often having lost family and home. Zionists saw them as the future of the nation, and the struggle for their well-being and education came to be a key element of their efforts during the war. This chapter shows how Zionists built orphanages and kindergartens, schools, and summer camps, and how these institutions functioned on a day-to day basis. These efforts in particular demonstrate that the war was also a time of great opportunity and experimentation for education activists. They tried to apply new pedagogical theories within their institutions based on their ideas of Jewish childhood and its role in producing upright, nationally conscious Jews who were the future of the nation. Gender relations are particularly key in this context: young women played an ever-increasing role in the movement through their involvement with childcare and education. The war opened up a range of new possibilities for young people, and particularly for young women to attain hitherto unheard-of roles within the Zionist movement. These changing gender and age relations within the Zionist movement mirrored changed relations within the wider society, due to the pressure of the war, and shaped the movement for decades to come.

MORPHOLOGY OF THE PIIP SUBMARINE VOLCANO IN THE KOMANDORSKY BASIN BASED ON MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER DATA

We analyzed the bathymetric data obtained during the cruises on the German research vessel “Sonne” using multibeam echosounders within the framework of the Russian-German projects KALMAR (cruise SO201-2, 2009) and BERING (cruise SO249-2, 2016) in the Komandorsky Basin of the Bering Sea. Detailed bathymetric maps of the Piip submarine volcano were constructed. New morphological features of its summit edifices and their age relations are described, hydrothermal activity confined to the edifices is localized, and all side cones and lava flows are mapped. Based on the flank cones and fissure lava flows alignments we determined the tectonic paleostress that existed at the time of their formation, presumably after the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene. It differs from the recent tectonic stress caused by right-lateral displacements along the Bering fault zone.

Improving implicit geologic models based on data configuration

&lt;p&gt;Implicit methods have been the basis of many developments in 3-D structural geologic modeling.&amp;#160; Typical input data for these types of models include surface points and orientations of geologic units, as well as the corresponding age relations (stratigraphic pile). In addition, the range of influence of input points needs to be defined, but it is difficult to infer a reasonable stationary estimate from data with highly variable configuration.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Often, this results in models that show artefacts due to data configuration including oversimplified results (underfitting) in areas where data is missing, overcomplex results (overfitting) in areas of high data density and geologically unreasonable surface shapes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this work we explore various methods to improve 3-D implicit geologic modeling by manipulating the data configuration using locally varying anisotropic kernels and kernel density estimation. In other words, the influence of input data in the interpolation is weighted based on directions and data density. Input parameters for these methods can either be based on the original input data configuration, inferred from additional supportive data, or be based on geologic expert knowledge. The proposed methods aim to increase model control while retaining the key advantages of implicit modeling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Model improvements will be shown using a set of typical geologic structures and regularly occurring artefacts. We compare results to previously proposed methods that integrate anisotropies in traditional kriging applications and discuss the specific requirements for applicability in implicit structural geomodeling.&lt;/p&gt;

Symbolic Aspects of Nutrition Vocabulary in the Turkic Languages

The article uses a lot of factual material to reveal the role of ethnographisms associated with cooking during the most significant moments of human life: birth, wedding, burial. The connection of symbolism with ritual is revealed.The purpose of the article is based on the specifics of the work caused by the need for a linguoculturological description of the vocabulary of nutrition, the definition of extralinguistic factors (customs, traditions and religious beliefs) in the formation, development and functioning, as well as the disclosure of the symbolic essence of this LSH.The relevance of the article is determined by the need for linguistic and cultural understanding of the food vocabulary, which is widely reflected in paremia, concepts, phraseological units, and customs as the most stable lexical and semantic categories of the Turkic languages (more than 2 000 lexical and phraseological units).The material of the study was the vocabulary of nutrition of the Turkic languages. The main methods used in the work are descriptive, comparative, and interpretive.The reception and serving of food among the Turkic peoples and their reflection in customs and traditions are symbolic relations between people connected by social, gender, and age relations. For example, the symbolism of food associated with the birth of a child has its roots in the distant past of the Turkic people and means a sacrifice for the successful birth of a woman. These rituals include: preparing special meals to speed childbirth: Garissa (lit. Competition with the cauldron, where food is cooked), preparing special dishes: sut burysh, IIT mun, burial of the bones of a 「am slaughtered for a woman in labor, gnawing the neck vertebrae of a ram without a knife, burning meat, etc. These traditions are a symbol of introducing the baby to a new life denoting the appearance of a new person. As a result of the analysis of this thematic group, it was revealed that traditional household rituals are the most stable basis of the ethnic spiritual culture of the Turkic peoples, many symbolic actions related to food are common, which once again confirms the hypothesis of genetic kinship of these peoples.The concept of linguoculturological research of customs and traditions as one of the current trends in linguistics opens up new aspects of the relationship and connection of language and spiritual culture, language and folk mentality, language and folk art. In the conceptual picture of the world and the national - cultural context, the question of the place and role of the studied LSH is very significant.The scientific novelty of the research consists in the linguistic and cultural understanding of one of the traditionally established and most stable lexical and semantic categories of the Turkic languages - the vocabulary of nutrition. Such studies in modern linguistics have not been sofer conducted. Keywords: food vocabulary, symbols, ritual, linguoculturology, ethnographism, customs, traditions, conceptual picture of the world