Nikolai Leskov e o animismo: falar com pedras no conto Alexandrita

O conto Alexandrita (um fato natural à luz do misticismo), do autor russo Nikolai Leskov (1831-1895), apresenta-se particularmente adequado a uma leitura anímica de seus aspectos insólitos. A personalização das pedras alexandrita e piropo, minerais preciosos que representam as nações russa e tcheca respectivamente, dá à narrativa a hesitação necessária para uma caracterização fantástica, segundo a teoria de Tzvetan Todorov reforçada por David Roas. As duas gemas são tratadas pelo personagem do ourives como dotadas de vida e de alma, características centrais do animismo. Além da concepção anímica, há no conto um contraste entre os saberes civilizados e os chamados tradicionais, pois ao narrador, representante da característica urbana, opõe-se o velho ourives cabalista e místico, guardião da tradição popular de sua terra. Walter Benjamin (1936) retoma a obra de Leskov em sua conhecida teorização acerca da arte de narrar. A qualidade narrativa por ele prezada está contida no modo artesanal como Leskov constrói suas obras. Tal reflexão sobre a arte literária está também em Sigmund Freud, que tece considerações aproximando a psicologia e a antropologia da literatura. O conto Alexandrita é, portanto, o ponto de encontro de conceitos e disciplinas díspares visto ser ele valioso como os objetos e saberes que descreve.

La Représentation du local, de l’universel et de la réalité dans Rue la Poudrière, Le Voile de Draupadi et Le Sari vert d’Ananda Devi

<p>This doctoral thesis, written in French and entitled « La Représentation du local, de l’universel et de la réalité dans Rue la Poudrière, Le Voile de Draupadi et Le Sari vert d’Ananda Devi », is an in-depth historico-sociological analysis of Mauritian writer Ananda Devi’s three novels published in 1988, 1993 and 2009 respectively. Having Mauritius as their background, these three novels introduce themes such as slavery, the trans-oceanic experience of Indian indentured labourers, prostitution, rape, domestic violence and homicide, through female protagonists in Rue la Poudrière and Le Voile de Draupadi, and a male protagonist in Le Sari vert. Existing research on Devi’s work concentrates mostly on the plight of women, who are victims of a Mauritian patriarchal society. Moving away from this approach, my research focuses on the spatial, historical and sociological dimensions in order to closely analyse the surroundings of the characters. The first focus of this research is to see whether these three novels exclusively allude to Mauritian society or also deal with universal concepts. The second focus is to determine the degree of realism of these three fictional works. Thus, the overall focus of this research is to scrutinise the degree of particularism, universalisation and realism in the geographical, historical and social dimensions of the novels. I begin with a brief presentation of Ananda Devi and her place in Mauritian literature. Then, I explain the objectives of the thesis and introduce my methodologies, which include the theories of Tzvetan Todorov and Jean-Marc Moura used to analyse the local and universal aspects, and the theories of Guy de Maupassant, Roland Barthes, Maureen Ramsden, Vincent Jouve, Michael Riffaterre, Mark Sainsbury, Névine El Nossery used to frame the examination of realism. Sociological theories of Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton are also elaborated, to support the analysis of the social dimension. In order to better scrutinise the historical dimension of the novels, I have used the work of Mauritian and international historians as well as Mauritian and international governmental reports. Khal Torabully’s notion of coolitude is also discussed to evaluate how different ethnic groups are represented in the novels. I have in addition coined the term “le rêve mauricien”, in relation to the social dimension of the novels. Finally, I conclude with issues of realism, the local, the universal and fiction.</p>

La Représentation du local, de l’universel et de la réalité dans Rue la Poudrière, Le Voile de Draupadi et Le Sari vert d’Ananda Devi

<p>This doctoral thesis, written in French and entitled « La Représentation du local, de l’universel et de la réalité dans Rue la Poudrière, Le Voile de Draupadi et Le Sari vert d’Ananda Devi », is an in-depth historico-sociological analysis of Mauritian writer Ananda Devi’s three novels published in 1988, 1993 and 2009 respectively. Having Mauritius as their background, these three novels introduce themes such as slavery, the trans-oceanic experience of Indian indentured labourers, prostitution, rape, domestic violence and homicide, through female protagonists in Rue la Poudrière and Le Voile de Draupadi, and a male protagonist in Le Sari vert. Existing research on Devi’s work concentrates mostly on the plight of women, who are victims of a Mauritian patriarchal society. Moving away from this approach, my research focuses on the spatial, historical and sociological dimensions in order to closely analyse the surroundings of the characters. The first focus of this research is to see whether these three novels exclusively allude to Mauritian society or also deal with universal concepts. The second focus is to determine the degree of realism of these three fictional works. Thus, the overall focus of this research is to scrutinise the degree of particularism, universalisation and realism in the geographical, historical and social dimensions of the novels. I begin with a brief presentation of Ananda Devi and her place in Mauritian literature. Then, I explain the objectives of the thesis and introduce my methodologies, which include the theories of Tzvetan Todorov and Jean-Marc Moura used to analyse the local and universal aspects, and the theories of Guy de Maupassant, Roland Barthes, Maureen Ramsden, Vincent Jouve, Michael Riffaterre, Mark Sainsbury, Névine El Nossery used to frame the examination of realism. Sociological theories of Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton are also elaborated, to support the analysis of the social dimension. In order to better scrutinise the historical dimension of the novels, I have used the work of Mauritian and international historians as well as Mauritian and international governmental reports. Khal Torabully’s notion of coolitude is also discussed to evaluate how different ethnic groups are represented in the novels. I have in addition coined the term “le rêve mauricien”, in relation to the social dimension of the novels. Finally, I conclude with issues of realism, the local, the universal and fiction.</p>

Analisis Narasi Tentang Coming Out Pada Film Bertema LGBT di Netflix

In the recent years LGBT issues are frequently discussed. Society assumes they cause social problem hence leading to rejection. LGBT communities are facing difficulties to express their sexual identity, usually called 'coming out'. Several films are narrating the 'coming out' process to capture the point of view from the members of this group. The purpose of this study is to examine the storyline about 'coming out' in LGBT-themed films according to Tzvetan Todorov’s narrative analysis. This research uses qualitative method focusing on the narrative content in those movies. Data collection is done via observation and in-depth interview with two interviewees. From these findings combined with data analysis, it concluded the narrative storyline in films based on Tzvetan Todorov’s theory are divided into three parts. It begins with equilibrium, then conflicts build up in the middle of the film, and finally the solution to equilibrium is found. 'Coming out' process and struggles are depicted from scenes and dialogues on the film which aligned with findings from the interviewees. The result of this study shows that every part in ‘coming out’ process are shown in Alex Strangelove film. Meanwhile there are two parts in ‘coming out’ process that are shown in Handsome Devil film.Kelompok LGBT telah menjadi salah satu isu di dalam masyarakat yang menjadi isu panas. Masyarakat yang menolak menganggap bahwa kelompok ini dapat menimbulkan masalah sosial. Penolakan tersebut menyebabkan kelompok LGBT kerap menghadapi kesulitan dalam mengungkapkan identitas seksualnya atau sering disebut dengan ‘coming out’. Banyak film yang saat ini mengangkat tentang coming out untuk menangkap sudut pandang kelompok tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui narasi alur cerita tentang ‘coming out’ pada film bertema LGBT menurut teori Tzvetan Todorov. Teori yang digunakan pada penelitian adalah teori komunikasi massa dan teori narasi Tzvetan Todorov. Penulis menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode analisis narasi. Melalui observasi terhadap dua film dan wawancara mendalam dengan dua informan menunjukkan narasi alur cerita pada film yang diteliti menurut Tzvetan Todorov dibagi menjadi tiga bagian. Dimulai dengan adanya keseimbangan kemudian terjadi konflik pada pertengahan film hingga akhirnya ditemukan jalan keluar untuk kembali pada keseimbangan pada akhirnya. Proses ‘coming out’ dapat dilihat pada beberapa adegan dan dialog yang terdapat pada film. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada film Alex Strangelove ditemukan semua tahapan proses ‘coming out’. Sedangkan pada film Handsome Devil ditemukan dua tahapan proses coming out.

VIAGEM AO MUNDO (NEO) FANTÁSTICO DAS CRÔNICAS DE NÁRNIA, DE C. S. LEWIS

Esse artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma leitura dos elementos do (neo) fantástico e como estes estão inseridos no romance O leão, a feiticeira e o guarda-roupa, publicado originalmente em 1950 pelo autor C. S. Lewis. O romance nos convida a uma viagem pelo reino da fantasia onde acontecimentos sobrenaturais ocorrem dentro do mundo imaginário de Nárnia. Desde tempos imemoráveis, a literatura, assim também como as outras artes, têm representado mundos irreais, situações e ações improváveis, que ultrapassam a realidade; seja pela presença de objetos mágicos, seres encantados ou eventos que estão fora da realidade, o fantástico está presente. Assim, nos basearemos nas teorias de Tzvetan Todorov (2010), Remo Ceserani (2006) e David Roas (2013), para discutir os diferentes pontos de vista que cercam o fantástico no romance de Lewis.

The Unheimliche as Source of the Fantastique. On the Translation of the Concepts of Todorov’s “Étrange” and Freud’s “Inquiétante Étrangeté”

This study examines the problem of the translation of the concepts of “étrange” in the theory of the fantastic in literature by Tzvetan Todorov (1939–2017) and of Unheimliche by Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). Todorov defines clearly the realm of “fantastique” as an intermediary genre situated between two poles: “merveilleux” (lit. marvellous) and “étranger” (lit. strange, odd). The latter term is translated by the substantive adjective “uncanny” in English and Unheimliche in German. However, Unheimliche is also used by Freud to designate a psychoanalytical notion, and the common English translation is “uncanny”. This comparative analysis reveals that, on the contrary, the Freudian notion of Unheimliche and the Todorovian notion of “fantastique” are equivalent and that they both refer to a temporary nature. This comparison makes it possible to clarify the mechanisms of the fantastic in literature. Todorov indeed does not explain where the “hesitation” in the face of an apparently supernatural event comes from, even though this uncertainty is the pivot of his theory. However, Freud’s considerations lead us to understand that it is because such an event shakes our modern rational convictions, and because the old superstitious beliefs convictions that we should have “overcome” return in the form of the Unheimliche.

The Unheimliche as Source of the Fantastique. On the Translation of the Concepts of Todorov’s “Étrange” and Freud’s “Inquiétante Étrangeté”

This study examines the problem of the translation of the concepts of “étrange” in the theory of the fantastic in literature by Tzvetan Todorov (1939–2017) and of Unheimliche by Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). Todorov defines clearly the realm of “fantastique” as an intermediary genre situated between two poles: “merveilleux” (lit. marvellous) and “étranger” (lit. strange, odd). The latter term is translated by the substantive adjective “uncanny” in English and Unheimliche in German. However, Unheimliche is also used by Freud to designate a psychoanalytical notion, and the common English translation is “uncanny”. This comparative analysis reveals that, on the contrary, the Freudian notion of Unheimliche and the Todorovian notion of “fantastique” are equivalent and that they both refer to a temporary nature. This comparison makes it possible to clarify the mechanisms of the fantastic in literature. Todorov indeed does not explain where the “hesitation” in the face of an apparently supernatural event comes from, even though this uncertainty is the pivot of his theory. However, Freud’s considerations lead us to understand that it is because such an event shakes our modern rational convictions, and because the old superstitious beliefs convictions that we should have “overcome” return in the form of the Unheimliche.

Maria dos Canos Serrados (2013), de Ricardo Adolfo, e a recriação pulp do real

O presente artigo analisa o romance Maria dos Canos Serrados, de Ricardo Adolfo, buscando compreender de que forma o realismo se apresenta na ficção portuguesa do século XXI. Percebe-se um deslocamento do termo realismo no escopo da literatura portuguesa, entendido como fotografia da realidade (no século XIX), questionamento engajado da realidade (com o neorrealismo, no século XX) e recurso em favor da narratividade do romance (século XXI). Caracterizada pelo ritmo dinâmico próprio da narrativa cinematográfica e valendo-se do espaço, da denominação (cf. Ernst Cassirer) e de inverossimilhanças narrativas (cf. Santo Agostinho e Tzvetan Todorov), a obra de Ricardo Adolfo apresenta as atuais mazelas da sociedade, num realismo social e numa estética pulp que se afastam das principais vertentes do romance português contemporâneo.

INDAGAÇÕES SOBRE GÊNEROS CINEMATOGRÁFICOS E AUDIOVISUAIS: RELIGANDO ALGUNS PONTOS

Este artigo pretende levantar alguns interrogantes acerca da análise de filmes na perspectiva dos gêneros cinematográficos e audiovisuais, levando em conta a história dos gêneros literários e esforços predecessores de teorização, tanto no âmbito dos estudos literários, quanto no dos estudos cinematográficos. O objetivo é repensar alguns procedimentos de uso corrente no âmbito dos estudos de gêneros cinematográficos e audiovisuais, bem como alguns gêneros controvertidos, tentando religar pontos que conectam os estudos de cinema a outros campos do saber. Para tal, serão revisitados os pensamentos de autores como Platão, Arisóteles, Friedrich Schiller, Charles Morris, Tzvetan Todorov, John Frow, Rick Altman e Nathalie Denizot, entre outros.