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Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7120
Author(s):  
Jing-Jing Peng ◽  
Shi-Yang Yue ◽  
Yu-Hui Fang ◽  
Xiao-Ling Liu ◽  
Cheng-Hua Wang

Selenocysteine (Sec) is the 21st non-standard proteinogenic amino acid. Due to the particularity of the codon encoding Sec, the selenoprotein synthesis needs to be completed by unique mechanisms in specific biological systems. In this paper, the underlying mechanisms for the biosynthesis and incorporation of Sec into selenoprotein were comprehensively reviewed on five aspects: (i) the specific biosynthesis mechanism of Sec and the role of its internal influencing factors (SelA, SelB, SelC, SelD, SPS2 and PSTK); (ii) the elements (SECIS, PSL, SPUR and RF) on mRNA and their functional mechanisms; (iii) the specificity (either translation termination or translation into Sec) of UGA; (iv) the structure–activity relationship and action mechanism of SelA, SelB, SelC and SelD; and (v) the operating mechanism of two key enzyme systems for inorganic selenium source flow before Sec synthesis. Lastly, the size of the translation initiation interval, other action modes of SECIS and effects of REPS (Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic Sequences) that affect the incorporation efficiency of Sec was also discussed to provide scientific basis for the large-scale industrial fermentation for the production of selenoprotein.


Author(s):  
Masaya Umeda ◽  
Naoki Higashitarumizu ◽  
Ryo KITAURA ◽  
Tomonori Nishimura ◽  
Kosuke Nagashio

Abstract Transition-metal dichalcogenides, such as MoS2, lack their inversion center in monolayers, exhibiting in-plane piezoelectricity at a nanoscale thickness. In conventional piezoceramics devices, the operating mechanism has been well established that piezocharges appear at crystal edges and how these charges act in capacitor structures. Although TMDC monolayers are expected to possess a unique system due to their semiconductor nature, a strong interaction with contact metals alters physical properties predominantly. In this study, we identify the position of piezocharges in MoS2 generators based on the displacement current under dynamic strain. The present results provide new insights for the future device engineering.


Author(s):  
В.Д. Шульгин ◽  
С.С. Набоков

Приведены результаты исследований работы комплексных рыбозащитных сооружений с использованием воздушно-пузырьковых завес. Дано описание механизма работы комплексных рыбозащитных сооружений и принципа работы воздушно-пузырьковой завесы. На основе гидравлического расчета разработана методика проектирования и применения воздушно-пузырьковой завесы в составе комплексных рыбозащитных сооружений. Приведены результаты исследований по оценке функциональной эффективности построенных комплексных рыбозащитных сооружений. Комплексные рыбозащитные сооружения, имеющие в своем составе запани и воздушно-пузырьковые завесы и работающие в эрлифтном режиме, достаточно эффективно защищают молодь рыб. При правильно подобранных параметрах работы оборудования и выбранном створе размещения сооружений, с учетом гидравлических и технических особенностей водозабора, их эффективность гарантированно превышает нормативные значения. The results of studying the operation of complex fish protection structures with the use of air-bubble curtains are presented. A description of the operating mechanism of complex fish protection structures and the principle of operation of the air-bubble curtain is given. On the basis of a hydraulic calculation, a method for designing and using an air-bubble curtain as part of complex fish protection structures has been developed. The results of estimating the functional efficiency of the built complex fish protection structures are presented. The complex fish protection structures that include debris deflectors and air-bubble curtains and operate in an air-lift mode, effectively protect fish fry. Provided the operating parameters of the equipment and the selected alignment of the structures with account of the hydraulic and technical features of the water intake have been correctly chosen, their efficiency is guaranteed to exceed the standard values.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Gibson ◽  
Ahmet Karabulut ◽  
Melainia McClain ◽  
Boris Rubinstein ◽  
Sean McKinney

Abstract The stingers of jellyfish, sea anemones and other cnidarians, known as nematocysts, are remarkable cellular weapons used for both predation and defense1. Nematocysts are specialized organelles which consist of a pressurized capsule containing a coiled harpoon-like thread2. These structures are in turn built within specialized cells known as nematocytes3. When triggered4, the capsule explosively discharges, ejecting the coiled thread which punctures the target and rapidly elongates by turning inside out in a process called eversion5,6. Due to the structural complexity of the thread and the extreme speed of discharge, the precise mechanics of nematocyst firing have remained elusive7. Here, using a combination of live and super-resolution imaging, 3D electron microscopy and genetic perturbations, we define the step-by-step sequence of nematocyst operation in the model sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. This analysis reveals the complex biomechanical transformations underpinning the operating mechanism of nematocysts, one of the nature’s most exquisite biological micro-machines. Further, this study will provide insight into the form and function of related cnidarian organelles and serve as a template for the design of bioinspired microdevices.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 2648-2656
Author(s):  
Xiao Juntao ◽  
Huang Aiqin

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to put forward countermeasures for the development of carbon sequestration finance in China’s tobacco industry. This paper mainly adopts the methods of literature review, induction and deduction, and data analysis to analyze the operating mechanism of Carbon sink finance in China and the current situation of carbon sink finance in China’s tobacco industry. Carbon sinks the financial results of the study is the Chinese tobacco industry is carbon sequestration project development and high transaction costs low profits, the carbon trading market is not active carbon sink tobacco industry financial development, insurance products for carbon sinks such problems as insufficient financial support carbon sink financial development, China’s carbon emissions need detailed and clear as soon as possible the tobacco manufacturing enterprises quota, carbon sequestration project cost reduce tobacco manufacturing industry, Improve the participation of market subjects including tobacco manufacturing enterprises in carbon sink trading market, construct the tobacco industry carbon sink industry chain, improve the corresponding carbon sink mechanism, and attract private capital to join the tobacco industry carbon sink financial project.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Karabulut ◽  
Melainia McClain ◽  
Boris Rubinstein ◽  
Sean A. McKinney ◽  
Matthew C. Gibson

AbstractThe stingers of jellyfish, sea anemones and other cnidarians, known as nematocysts, are remarkable cellular weapons used for both predation and defense1. Nematocysts are specialized organelles which consist of a pressurized capsule containing a coiled harpoon-like thread2. These structures are in turn built within specialized cells known as nematocytes3. When triggered4, the capsule explosively discharges, ejecting the coiled thread which punctures the target and rapidly elongates by turning inside out in a process called eversion5,6. Due to the structural complexity of the thread and the extreme speed of discharge, the precise mechanics of nematocyst firing have remained elusive7. Here, using a combination of live and super-resolution imaging, 3D electron microscopy and genetic perturbations, we define the step-by-step sequence of nematocyst operation in the model sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. This analysis reveals the complex biomechanical transformations underpinning the operating mechanism of nematocysts, one of the nature’s most exquisite biological micro-machines. Further, this study will provide insight into the form and function of related cnidarian organelles and serve as a template for the design of bioinspired microdevices.


Author(s):  
Lidiia Horoshkova ◽  
Іevhen Khlobystov

Relevance of the research topic. Research actuality is predefined by that question of process control of reforms and decentralization of power for the sake of providing of steady development of country the reformation of educational industry inalienably related to the process. Implementation of strategic tasks of reformation of the system of education, that will provide the increase of her quality and competitiveness, possibility of integration in European and world educational space, possible only on condition of sufficientness of financial resources for her functioning and development. Thus the problem of sufficientness of the financial providing of education remains actual on the modern stage of reformation of administrative-territorial device of country. Formulation of the problem.One of forms of financial participation of the state there is educational субвенція in providing of quality education. Educational subvention is money that is distinguished from the state budget after the special formula on financing of establishments of education. The operating mechanism of her extra charge uncan be considered optimal. As a result - the volume of educational subvention does not provide a requirement in facilities on the remuneration of labour of pedagogical workers in the field of universal middle education on a due levels. Analysis of recent research and publications. Modern aspects of solving the problems of decentralization and reforming the administrative-territorial system in the country are such scientists as Pavlyuk A. P., Oliynyk D. I., Batalov O. A., Datsko O. I., Murkovych L. L., Molodozhen Yu. B. etc. [1-4]. The results of our own research on the problem are given in [5-11]. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. As there is a problem of imperfection of determination of обстягів of educational субвенції the consequence of that are lacks of money for maintenance of universal middle education in united territorial communities (UTC) on a due levels, there is a decision problem of development of system mechanisms of management financing of education, as pre-conditions of grant of quality educational services and steady development of society. Problem statement, research goals. By the above-mentioned circumstances the predefined expediency of determination of ways of optimization of the system of calculation of volumes of educational subvention, that would allow to provide the sufficient level of financing of education in united territorial communities (UTC), as bases of steady development of the UTC. Method and methodology of research. In the process of conducting research, general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical grouping) and special (abstraction, modeling, etc.) methods of studying economic phenomena and processes were used. Presentation of the main material (results of work). Undertaken a study of efficiency of distribution of educational subvention mechanism between local budgets comes true on the basis of formula that takes into account many indexes. On results 2018 such conformity to law is set: a difference between actual and calculation filled of classes in unit grows into the end of year in the 1 thousand hrn. of proficit/of deficit of educational subvention in a calculation on one student. Imperfection of formula of calculation of sizes of educational subvention is well-proven. It is set that substantial disproportions are, when in one local budgets of volumes of educational subvention sufficiently for the legislatively set remuneration of labour, while in other - raises diminish for of prestige of pedagogical labour, a management, replacement temporally of absent teachers, is not paid cabinets and workshops, a salary is not provided in good time, forced pedagogical are warned of reduction of raises in next months. To imperfection of operating mechanism of educational subvention data of the analysis of situation conducted by us testify in relation to financing of educational sphere in the Zaporizhzhya area. Conclusions. There was undertaken a study of level of financial sufficientness of educational subvention on the example of the Zaporizhzhya area and educed unefficiency of operating mechanism of financing of education in united territorial communities (UTC). It is set that as a result of making alteration to the Budgetary and Tax codes practical steps are done in direction of budgetary decentralization, substantial changes took place in interbudgetary relations and filling of local budgets due to the redistribution of sources of tax receivabless between the different levels of the system. But more detailed analysis of possible consequences of realization of some mechanisms specifies on that they restrain development of united territorial communities (UTC), create the threat of them to financial possibility and assist maintenance of inequality and disproportions in development of territories and do impossible providing of steady development to the country. Such uneffective mechanism is, on our there are ideas, operating mechanism of grant of educational subvention. It is well-proven that one of reasons, that results in the deficit of educational субвенції, next to the optimized not enough network of establishments and presence of schools/of classes with small filled, there is imperfection of formula of distribution of educational субвенції that does not take into account part of envisaged normatively-legal acts Ministry of Education and Science educational services in secondary education. Thus needs a revision volumes of educational subvention and perfection of formula of distribution.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal Jayawardena ◽  
◽  
Gayan Appuhamillage ◽  

This paper presents the data obtained from monitoring a steel Struss bridge using Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors before and after a proposed repair for a crack propagation in the end plates. This paper details the operating mechanism behind the FBG sensors and advantages of using FBG sensors over resistive foil strain gauges for bridge structural health monitoring and also details how cracks on the outer web’s end plate originated and then provides a step-by-step guide to the completed repair. This technology can be use in other practical applications where structural health monitoring is needed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 774-782
Author(s):  
Anang Dwi Purnomo ◽  
Arief Goeritno ◽  
Danang Adi Nugroho

A miniature conveyor machine assisted by embedded systems and controlled by a programmable logic controller (PLC) has been fabricated with the operating mechanism is based on the detection of two different colors. The objectives of this research are to obtain a miniature machine is controlled by the PLC system, create a ladder diagram-based program structure, and measure the performance of the embedded system. Obtaining the machine is carried out through assembly of the conveyor frame, installation of all devices, and integrated wiring. The programming for the Omron PLC system is based on providing the CX-Programmer 64 bits, establishing algorithms and compiling ladder diagrams, and compiling and uploading processes. The performance measurement includes synchronization conditions between the simulator and the control system, observations of the readings of installed sensors for activating all devices on the output side, and observing the measurement of the filling process time and the installation of bottle caps assisted by the pneumatic system. The results of the performance during the process of filling and installing the lid obtained a success rate of 75%, based on four trials, three successes, and one failure. The general conclusion is that the embedded system that has been built can be used as a simulator for the mechanism of filling liquid into bottles and installing bottle caps, and it is as an implementation of instrumentation and automation processes.  


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