Armonización de calendarios en el mundo islámico primitivo como se refleja en Elementos de astronomía de al-Farghānī

This paper seeks to shed more light on calendrical knowledge in the first centuries of the Islamic era in which different administrative traditions fell under the control of a central government. Astronomy as a court-sponsored discipline in the Abbasid dynasty (132-656 AH/750-1258 CE), undertook the pivotal task of identifying and mastering various calendrical disciplines under the reign of the caliphs to make a centralized management feasible. In the first two centuries, the domination of the Arabic lunar calendar, whose significance lies in governing the Islamic yearly festivals and occasions, led to drastic disagreements with the annual planting cycles that were followed by the farmers. Accordingly, the official taxation system faced serious problems. The solution to which was the development of a well-established solar calendar. The large concern of the ninth-century Muslim astronomers for calendrical computations, acknowledges their integral participation in this executive challenge. The present study follows these practices through the lens of a ninth-century Arabic astronomical text, written by Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Kathīr al-Farghānī (Alfraganus in the west), known mainly as the Elements of Astronomy. The careful exploration of this text helps us achieve a broader image of time-keeping accounts in the early Islamic era and the need for calendrical conversions. Moreover, the author’s detailed report of the five existing calendars of the time (Arabic, Syriac, Byzantine, Persian and Egyptian) and their systems of nomenclature, opens an early window to the linguistic investigation of time-reckoning in the Islamic world. Este artículo pretende arrojar luz sobre los conocimientos calendáricos en los primeros siglos de la era islámica, en los que diferentes tradiciones administrativas quedaban bajo el control de un gobierno central. La astronomía, como disciplina patrocinada por la corte en la dinastía abasí (132-656 /750-1258), emprendió la tarea fundamental de identificar y dominar varias disciplinas calendáricas bajo el reinado de los califas para hacer viable una gestión centralizada. En los dos primeros siglos, el dominio del calendario lunar árabe, cuya importancia radica en la regulación de las fiestas y ocasiones anuales islámicas, provocó drásticos desacuerdos con los ciclos anuales de siembra que seguían los agricultores. En consecuencia, el sistema fiscal oficial se enfrentó a graves problemas, cuya solución fue el desarrollo de un calendario solar bien establecido. La gran preocupación de los astrónomos musulmanes del siglo IX por los cómputos calendáricos reconoce su participación integral en este desafío ejecutivo. El presente estudio sigue estas prácticas a través de la atenta lectura de un texto astronómico árabe del siglo IX escrito por Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Kathīr al-Farghānī (Alfraganus en occidente), conocido principalmente como los Elementos de Astronomía. La cuidadosa exploración de este texto nos ayuda a conseguir una imagen más amplia de los relatos sobre el tiempo en la primera época islámica y la necesidad de las conversiones calendáricas. Además, el informe detallado del autor sobre los cinco calendarios existentes en la época (árabe, siríaco, bizantino, persa y egipcio) y sus sistemas de nomenclatura, abre una posibilidad para la investigación lingüística de la relojería en el mundo islámico.

المکانة الشرعیة للجان رؤیة هلال المختلفة والتقویم القمری: دراسة تحلیلیة وبحوثیة

The Muslims of Pakistan fasting Ramadan and celebrating Edi Ul fitar on different days, this disagreement between Muslims of Pakistan is ongoing from the time Pakistan was founded, this difference in the start of fasting and the celebration of Eid takes place on two different days, sometimes on three different days. In this article we tried to review the legal place and Sharia status of these various Committees, their decisions, and the current lunar calendar. The main questions are: what is the cause of this disagreement and controversy? And what is the best way to unite the nation in this matter according to Islamic jurisprudence? This paper is a review of the legal place and Sharia status of the various Committees, their decisions, and the current lunar calendar. The Judgment of the government Committee” Central Rouet-e-Hilal Committee Pakistan” is the ruling of Sharia in the Hanafi Jurisprudence. Although the proposed lunar calendar is supported with logical and historical Proof these have been rejected by the majority of Islamic jurists with evidence.

Розробка мобільного Аndroid-додатку з застосуванням принципів Сlean Аrchitecture

В роботі розглянуто існуючі методи розробки мобільного Android-додатку із застосуванням принципів CLean Architectureз метою оптимізації архітектури програмних продуктів на старті їх створення. Досліджено концептуальні підходи та принципи Clean Architecture, розглянуто можливість побудови Android-додатків згідно пошарової схеми, згідно з якою шари зв’язуються правилом залежності Dependency Rule. Для розробки Android-додатку “Lucky Days - Lunar Calendar” використаносередовищеAndroid Studioна базі вихідного коду продукту IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition та мови програмування Kotlin, яка працює поверх JVM та компілюється в JavaScript. Показано коди додаткудля потоку вводу-виведення, який демонструє використання співпрограми.Крім можливостей, що існують в IntelliJ IDEA, в Android Studio реалізовано нову уніфіковану підсистему складання, тестування і розгортання застосунків, яка базується на інструментарії Gradle і підтримує використання засобів безперервної інтеграції. Наведено описання інтерфейсу програми, наведено фрагменти кодів, що відповідають за найбільш важливі функції. До складу також включені пристосовані під особливості платформи Android розширені інструменти рефакторингу, перевірки сумісності з минулими випусками, виявлення проблем з продуктивністю, моніторингу споживання пам'яті та оцінки зручності використання. У редактор також додано режим швидкого внесення правок.Для спрощення проектування додатку використано бібліотеку Android Navigation з набору Jetpack та створено граф зв’язків між вікнами додатку. Для роботи мобільного додатку сформовано та запаковано у архів бази даних SQLite, а для організації комунікації між не пов’язаними частинами додатку реалізовано EventBus з набором функцій. Наведено приклади кодів Event-класів та State-класів, які використовуються у розробленому додатку. Запропоновану методику, що відповідає принципам Clean Architecture, а саме відокремлення бізнес-логіки від відображення елементів списку впроваджено для розробки Android-додатку.

Ashura Ritual in Fadel Ilahi Eldimisky's Novel Muara Cinta

The purpose of the research is to elaborate on the Ashura Ritual in Karbala, Irak. The primer data are quotations taken from Fadel Ilahi Eldimisky's novel Muara Cinta. The research is qualitative research related to social problems. Damono in Wiyatmi (2008) states that sociology is an approach in literary studies that understands and evaluates literary works by considering social aspects. In the Indonesian Dictionary, rituals are defined as matters relating to procedures in religious ceremonies. Ashura ritual is done every ten of Muharram, the month of the Hijri lunar calendar. It is celebrated all over the world. In Karbala, Irak, the ritual has been performed by Shiah. The Ashura rituals found in Karbala are the ritual of beating the chest, hitting the back with a chain, and hurting the head and body. All the findings are analyzed in the discussion.

OBSESSIONS RELIGIEUSES ET RAMADANRELIGIOUS OBSESSIONS AND RAMADAN

Background: Fasting during the month of Ramadan represents one of the five pillars of Islam. All adult Muslims around the world are required to comply with this religious obligation every year. During Ramadan month, fasting people abstain from eating, drinking and having sexual intercourse from sunrise to sunset. Ramadan occurs in the ninthmonth of the lunar calendar, lasting between 29 and 30 days. The lunar calendar does not correspond to the Gregorian one therefore, Ramadan canoccur in all seasons, varying from year to year. The cycle of the sun marks the beginning and the end of fasting. Its duration varies depending on the season: about 18 hours in the summer to about 12 hours during winter. During this month, daily religious practice is emphasized in all its aspects daily routine is framed around the fast, more prayers, more Koran reading, more ambient religiosity. This study aims to monitor religious obsessions and compulsions during, and after the month of Ramadan. Methods: In group of 1500 outpatients followed, 144 met DSM IV criteria for OCD. Forty-four (44) of themhadreligious obsessions and compulsions. Thirty-four (34) patients wereinvestigatedbefore, while, and afterthismonth. Results: We noticed an improvement of symptomsafter the month of Ramadan in 32% of cases (n=10). Conclusion: This study shows that religious obsessions are the most common obsessions. In some patients, religious obsessions improve after the month of Ramadan.

Risk-Adjusted Seasonality in Muslim Frontier Stock Markets

<p>We investigate the evidence of three risk-adjusted calendar anomalies in eight frontier markets. </p> Our sample consists of the daily closing prices of their stock indices for the period of January 2006 to September 2019. We categorize the data with respect to day-of-the-week, Lunar calendar and Islamic calendar. Using Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) eight Markets Index as our proxy of the market portfolio, most of the frontier markets tested exhibit calendar seasonality. We confirm that systematic risk varies with respect to day-of-the-week, Lunar months and Islamic months. After consideration of time-varying risk and applying Bonferroni correction, few frontier markets exhibit profitable investment opportunities from calendar return anomalies for active investment managers. This study contributes to the existing literature by documenting evidence of the presence of both day-of-the-week and month-of-the-year return seasonality both for the Gregorian and Islamic calendar for frontier markets.

Risk-Adjusted Seasonality in Muslim Frontier Stock Markets

<p>We investigate the evidence of three risk-adjusted calendar anomalies in eight frontier markets. </p> Our sample consists of the daily closing prices of their stock indices for the period of January 2006 to September 2019. We categorize the data with respect to day-of-the-week, Lunar calendar and Islamic calendar. Using Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) eight Markets Index as our proxy of the market portfolio, most of the frontier markets tested exhibit calendar seasonality. We confirm that systematic risk varies with respect to day-of-the-week, Lunar months and Islamic months. After consideration of time-varying risk and applying Bonferroni correction, few frontier markets exhibit profitable investment opportunities from calendar return anomalies for active investment managers. This study contributes to the existing literature by documenting evidence of the presence of both day-of-the-week and month-of-the-year return seasonality both for the Gregorian and Islamic calendar for frontier markets.

Revisiting the Spawning Pattern of Nyale Worms (Eunicidae) Using the Metonic Cycle

Mass spawning dates of nyale worms (Eunicidae) have been scientifically predictable since 2019. The month of spawning is consistently following the pattern of the February full moon, while the date of spawning is consistently on the 20th of the lunar calendar. There are particular years with February only spawning, March only spawning, and split spawning in both February and March. The existing prediction of the split spawning, however, was constructed with very little available data. The present study aimed to revisit the split spawning prediction using the Metonic cycle, a 19-year lunisolar cycle. The results show that the spawning prediction very much follows the Metonic Cycle. There are minor dates on split spawning to be revised, when February full moon rises on 14th February. The revised hypothesis is that split spawning is very likely to occur when the full moon rises between the 7th to 13th of February. When February full moon appears before the 7th of February, single spawning will take place on the fifth day after the March full moon. When February full moon befalls after the 13th of February, single spawning will occur on the fifth day after the February full moon. The revised prediction method has only 2 (two) deviances in 114 years of simulation dates. The present study is the first to suggest the link between Polychaete spawning patterns and the Metonic Cycle.