scholarly journals Factors Influencing Contraceptives Use among Female Migrants in Ghanaian Cities, A case of Kayeyei in the Kumasi Metropolis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-138
Author(s):  
Cynthia Avoada ◽  
Dorigen Ansomaa Asumadu ◽  
Bismark Affreh Junior ◽  
Moses Ackah Anlimachie
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Survey Questionnaire ◽  
Female Migrants

Historically, women in Africa have long been known to transport agricultural produce, firewood, and pots of water by way of the head for domestic use. This culture has been transformed into feminised unskilled labour termed Kayayei in Ghanaian cities as a fallout from poor education outcomes and its attendant lack of sustainable jobs in the rural areas. Kayayei is used in Ghana to refer to young female migrants between the ages of 8-35 years from the poverty endemic areas of northern Ghana engaging in head porterage business in the cities as a means of survival. The increasing incidence of kayaye and its attendant social, health and economic problems have attracted media and research commentary in Ghana in recent times. This study investigates contraceptive use among kayayei in the Kumasi metropolis of Ghana to inform strategies to improve the reproductive health of the low-income group. The study uses a mixed-method design. A structured survey questionnaire was administered to 121 kayayei. Further, 44 participants were selected from the 121 kayeyei to participate in focus group discussions (FGD). These were complemented with individual interviews of a pharmacist, a chemist shop attendants, and a drug peddler [unlicensed medicine walker]. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the quantitative data from the survey questionnaire, while descriptive coding was used to analyse the qualitative data from FGDs, interviews and field observation. The findings revealed that male partners’ approval was the major determinant of contraceptive use among the participating migrant female head porters. Some 90% of women who were less likely to use contraceptives are those who never discuss or get approval from their partners. Oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices (IUD) and condoms were the most used contraceptive among the kayayei. Participants’ choice of contraceptives was influenced by affordability, accessibility and their perceptions about contraceptive security. The study also identified that side effects from the use of contraceptives, including inconveniences on menstruation, weight gain, and weight loss, were a set of factors that demotivate contraceptives use among the research participants. The study also identified that, although culture has a significant influence on contraceptive use in Africa generally, in the case of migrant young women who have escaped from the cultural scrutiny of their home communities, their sexual partners, rather than culture, have a significant influence on their contraceptives use. The study, therefore, recommends an aggressive public education campaign on contraceptives use targeting both kayayei and their sexual partners in Ghanaian cities, while family planning services are accessible and affordable to this low-income group.

scholarly journals Food Consumption and Food Belief Among Paddy Farmers Households in Rural Area, Kedah, Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
AHMAD ZUBIR IBRAHIM
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Paddy Farmers

Abstract Background Food consumption influences food security household level, particularly among paddy farmers households especially in the rural area. At the same time food taboo or food belief among paddy farmers people in a rural area in certain food still exist until now. Therefore, this study aims to explore the food consumption and food belief among low-income households in the rural area, Kedah Malaysia Methods This qualitative study was carried out in Kubang Pasu, Alor Setar, Pendang, Kuala Muda and Baling district in Kedah, Malaysia. A total of 225 respondents were involved in this study. Data were collected from heads of households involve directly in paddy crops. Results The study found out, that paddy farmers households in a rural area of Kedah Malaysia consumed less food with a score of less than 30.0. This group uses chub mackerel fish as a protein resource because the price is low when compared to other saltwater fish (e.g. pomfret, king mackerel, grouper fish, mangrove red snapper, snapper, and barramundi), and also uses freshwater fish as a protein resource. Furthermore, food beliefs also influenced food consumption among the rural paddy farmers households in Kedah. Conclusion The findings reveal the food consumption patterns of low-income families especially, particularly in rural areas, and point to the need for more targeted and planned programmes within the low-income group to improve food security, particularly in food consumption households. However, food belief inseparable in their daily routine.

scholarly journals Can open-defecation free (ODF) communities be sustained? A cross-sectional study in rural Ghana

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0261674
Author(s):  
Caroline Delaire ◽  
Joyce Kisiangani ◽  
Kara Stuart ◽  
Prince Antwi-Agyei ◽  
Ranjiv Khush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural Ghana

Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) is a widely used approach to reduce open defecation in rural areas of low-income countries. Following CLTS programs, communities are designated as open defecation free (ODF) when household-level toilet coverage reaches the threshold specified by national guidelines (e.g., 80% in Ghana). However, because sanitation conditions are rarely monitored after communities are declared ODF, the ability of CLTS to generate lasting reductions in open defecation is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the extent to which levels of toilet ownership and use were sustained in 109 communities in rural Northern Ghana up to two and a half years after they had obtained ODF status. We found that the majority of communities (75%) did not meet Ghana’s ODF requirements. Over a third of households had either never owned (16%) or no longer owned (24%) a functional toilet, and 25% reported practicing open defecation regularly. Toilet pit and superstructure collapse were the primary causes of reversion to open defecation. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that communities had higher toilet coverage when they were located further from major roads, were not located on rocky soil, reported having a system of fines to punish open defecation, and when less time had elapsed since ODF status achievement. Households were more likely to own a functional toilet if they were larger, wealthier, had a male household head who had not completed primary education, had no children under the age of five, and benefitted from the national Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) program. Wealthier households were also more likely to use a toilet for defecation and to rebuild their toilet when it collapsed. Our findings suggest that interventions that address toilet collapse and the difficulty of rebuilding, particularly among the poorest and most vulnerable households, will improve the longevity of CLTS-driven sanitation improvements in rural Ghana.

Reasons for Non-Immunization of Children in an Urban, Low Income Group in North India

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L Mathew ◽  
Harsh Babbar ◽  
Sangita Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
North India ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Large Teaching Hospital

A study was undertaken on 500 children under the age of 5 years belonging to a low income group. All were attending the paediatrics outpatient department of a large teaching hospital in New Delhi, India. Only 25% were found to have received complete primary immunization as per the National Immunization Schedule (bacille Calmette-Guérin at birth, three doses of diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus and oral poliovirus vaccine at 6, 10 and 14 weeks and measles vaccine at 9 months). The major reasons for non-immunization of the children were: migration to a native village (26.4%); domestic problems (9.6%); the immunization centre was located too far from their home (9.6%); and the child was unwell when the vaccination was due (9%). Twelve per cent of mothers could not give any reason for non-immunization. In addition to the migration of children to rural areas, the other significant finding was an indirect effect of intensive OPV administration as part of polio eradication initiative. The lack of awareness and fear of side effects constituted a small minority of reasons for non-immunization.

Why Migrant Workers in China Continue to Build Large Houses in Home Villages: A Case Study of a Migrant-Sending Village in Anhui

Modern China ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-554
Author(s):  
Chen Chen
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Female Migrants ◽  
Sex Ratio Imbalance

This article uses a case study of a migrant-sending village in Anhui to understand why migrant workers build large houses in home villages. The rural sex-ratio imbalance at marriageable ages, heightened by the rural-urban migration of women, has led to an increase in the negotiating power of young women in the rural marriage market. Young men’s families construct large houses to attract potential brides and facilitate patrilocal residence. The lack of maternity leave and affordable childcare in migrant destination cities encourages female migrants to return to the countryside to give birth to and raise children. Large rural houses offer young female migrants comfortable places to live and privacy when they cohabitate with their parents-in-law, who help them raise their children. Although most new-generation migrant workers do not have agricultural experience, rural areas are important to this generation because they provide affordable housing and family support.

scholarly journals Does Income Inequality Impair Health? Evidence from Rural China

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Wencong Cai ◽  
Yuanjie Deng ◽  
Qiangqiang Zhang ◽  
Haiyu Yang ◽  
Xuexi Huo
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
The Government

In the context of the Healthy China strategy and the targeted poverty alleviation policy, based on the survey data of 1710 apple planters in Shandong, Yunnan, Shaanxi, and Gansu provinces, we selected the Probit model and the mediating effect test model to analyze the impact of income inequality on the self-rated health of farmers in this paper. The main results are as follows: First, income inequality within villages and townships had a significant negative impact on self-rated health, with both showing inverted U-shaped relationships, while income inequality within counties had no significant impact on self-rated health. Second, income inequality can impact the health of farmers, in terms of tobacco and alcohol behaviors, social trust, and sense of relative deprivation, where the mediating effect ratio of these three factors combined accounted for 32.4% of the total effect. Furthermore, the effect of income inequality on health was heterogeneous among different income groups, where the negative impact of income inequality on the self-rated health of the high-income group was less than that of the low-income group, indicating that an increase in income inequality serves to aggravate the degree of health inequality. Therefore, the government should adopt differentiated policies to improve the health of farmers. In rural areas with high income inequality, the government should focus on increasing the income of low-income groups, guide them to develop a healthy lifestyle, improve their social trust, and reduce their sense of relative deprivation. In rural areas where incomes are generally low, the government should first guide qualified farmers to become rich, then encourage others to become rich later.

scholarly journals KINERJA SOSIAL LEMBAGA KEUANGAN MIKRO AGRIBISNIS (LKM-A) DI KECAMATAN DAWE, KABUPATEN KUDUS

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
Maqsul Mahsufah ◽  
Siwi Gayatri ◽  
Tutik Dalmiyatun
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

Agriculture Ministry through the Rural Agribusiness Development (PUAP)  program was expected to reduce poverty and unemployment in rural areas by developing Microfinances Agribusiness Institution (LKM-A). LKM-A has a purpose to help farmers in rural areas to obtain capital resource for their agribusiness. However, the implementasion of LKM-A still not developed optimally. The research on the social performance of LKM-A were aims to analyze social performance, to analyze revenue generating of LKM-A and to analyze the relationship between social performance and revenue generating of LKM-A in Dawe District, Kudus Regency. This research was conducted in February 12th – April 5th, 2018 in Dawe District, Kudus Regency. Survey method was used in this research. 18 LKM-A was choosen as population in this research. The data was analyzed by Spearman correlation. Social performance was analyzed using MIX Market Social Performance Standards with 16 indicators. The result shows that only 3 indicators were in medium category (0 – 50%), namely capital resources, the ratio of female debtors and the ratio low income debtors. The revenue generating was not in developed category. Based on statistical analysis, there was not significant influence between social performance and revenue generating

scholarly journals Clinical profile of children with pneumonia admitted at KIMS hospital, Bangalore, India: a prospective study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 660
Author(s):  
Srinivasa S. ◽  
Nithya E. ◽  
Varsha Monica Reddy ◽  
Shiva Devraj
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Passive Smoking ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Important Public Health Problem

Background: In India acute respiratory infections are an important public health problem accounting for 15-30 % of under-five mortality. Early detection, timely intervention, standard management and a proper early referral service can reduce the mortality rate. The objective of this study was to study the sociodemographic and clinical profile of children admitted with pneumonia, to study its relation to the duration of stay at the hospital.Methods: The study was conducted in KIMS hospital, Bangalore from September 2016 to August 2017. Sociodemographic and clinical features of children aged from 2 months to 18 years of age were studied. A total of 92 children who fulfilled the inclusion criteria for community-acquired pneumonia were studied. The patient population comprises mainly of the low-income group from rural areas, urban slums, referred patients from surrounding rural areas, and other centres.Results: A total of 92 children were studied, 52 boys and 40 girls. 45% children were breastfed for <6 months, and 28% were incompletely immunized. Majority of children belonged to lower socioeconomic group. Passive smoking was present in 38 % of the patients and overcrowding was seen in 50% of children studied. There is a significant association between passive smoking, delayed hospital care, and length of stay.Conclusions: Present study concluded that ARI was more common in LES children and incompletely immunised children. And children who got early medical attention i.e. <4 days had a lesser duration of hospital stay i.e. <7 days.

scholarly journals Economic status and catastrophic health expenditures in China in the last decade of health reform: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingqing Yuan ◽  
Yuxuan Wu ◽  
Furong Li ◽  
Min Yang ◽  
Dandi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Reform ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditures

Abstract Background In order to solve the problem of “expensive medical treatment and difficult medical treatment” for patients and improve the equity of medical services, China started the health-care reform in 2009, and proposed ambitious goals of providing fair and high-quality basic medical and health services to all citizens and reducing economic burden of diseases. This study was to systematically explore the association between population economic status and incidence of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) in mainland China in the last decade since 2009 health reform. Methods This systematic review was reported according to the standard of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). We systematically searched Chinese Electronic literature Database of China Journal Full Text Database, Chinese Biomedical Journal Database, Wan fang Data Resource System, VIP Database, and English literature databases of PubMed, SCI, EMbase and Cochrane Library from January 2000 to June 2020, and references of included studies. Two reviewers independently selected all reports from 2000 to 2020 for empirical studies of CHE in mainland China, extracted data and evaluated the quality of the study. We conducted meta-analysis of the incidence of CHE and subgroup analysis according to the time of the study and the economic characteristics of residents. Results Four thousand eight hundred seventy-four records were retrieved and eventually 47 studies with 151,911 participants were included. The quality scores of most of studies were beyond 4 points (91.49%). The pooled incidence of CHE of Chinese residents in the last two decades was 23.3% (95% CI: 21.1 to 25.6%). The CHE incidence increased from 2000 to 2017, then decreased over time from 2017 to 2020. From 2000 to 2020, the CHE incidence in rural areas was 25.0% (95% CI: 20.9 to 29.1%) compared to urban 20.9% (95% CI: 18.3 to 23.4%); the CHE incidence in eastern, central and western China was 25.0% (95% CI: 19.2 to 30.8%), 25.4% (95% CI: 18.4 to 32.3%), and 23.1% (95% CI: 17.9 to 28.2%), respectively; the CHE incidence was 30.9% (95% CI: 22.4 to 39.5%), 20.3% (95% CI: 17.0 to 23.6%), 19.9% (95% CI: 15.6 to 24.1%), and 23.7% (95% CI: 18.0 to 29.3%) in poverty group, low-income group, middle-income group, and high-income group, respectively. Conclusions In the past two decade, the incidence of CHE in rural areas is higher than that of urban residents; higher in central areas than in eastern, western and other regions; in poverty households than in low-income, middle-income and high-income regions. Further measures should be taken to reduce the incidence of CHE in susceptible people.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CATARACT AMONG RURAL COMMUNITY ADULTS IN NEGERI SEMBILAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-314
Author(s):  
Azlina Mokhtar ◽  
Maimunah Abdul Muna'aim ◽  
Tengku Amatullah Madeehah T Mohd ◽  
Hafiz Jaafar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Mobile Clinic ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Government

‘Klinik Pakar Mata Bergerak’ (KLiP Mobile), translated to specialised ophthalmology mobile clinic is a programme that provides ophthalmology care in the rural community of Negeri Sembilan. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of cataracts and its associated factors among rural adults in Malaysia through an outreach programme of specialised ophthalmology services by KLiP Mobile. This is a cross-sectional study carried out from January 2016 until March 2018 and was conducted in rural areas of all seven districts in the state of Negeri Sembilanvisited by the KLiP Mobile. Universal sampling was applied to all adults attending the mobile clinic. The participants are those who were referred by the government community clinics and walk-in patients. The total number of participants in this study was 1480. The mean (SD) age for the study population was 56 (16.9), by which majority were Malay (n = 1220, 82.4%) and female (n = 809, 54.7%). Most of them received either primary (n = 604, 42.4%) or secondary education (n = 577, 40.5%). The majority of participants were categorized into the low-income group, with a monthly income of less than RM 3,000 (n = 1118, 92.4%). The prevalence of cataracts in the study population was 28.6%. In the multivariate analysis, factors significantly associated with cataracts were being male, having no formal education, race and suffering from hypertension. The prevalence of cataracts in rural areas is considerably high. This study highlights the need for baseline information for future study or as the main reference by the policymakers for policy development related to improving vision and eye care among the populations in Malaysia.  

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