scholarly journals Virological Environmental Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-493
Author(s):  
Maurizio Anselmi ◽  
Maurizio Divizia
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Analysis ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Laboratory Techniques ◽  
Different Types

The presence of enteric viruses in water is now a confirmed fact by various epidemiological studies. The viral contamination of the water could strongly influence the human’s health either through the type the water: bathing or drinking water, or indirectly to the contamination of different types of food that come into contact with contaminated water. The virological environmental analysis poses several problems related to the delay with which the samples are taken, the volumes to be analyzed, the methods of concentrations of water and the methods applied for identifying to present viruses. The molecular techniques have greatly simplified the virological analysis for isolation of viruses, although they are methods that require a certain experience in laboratory techniques.

scholarly journals A community outbreak of food-borne small round-structured virus gastroenteritis caused by a contaminated water supply

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. BRUGHA ◽  
I. B. VIPOND ◽  
M. R. EVANS ◽  
Q. D. SANDIFER ◽  
R. J. ROBERTS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Food Contamination ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Epidemiological Methods ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Outbreak Investigations ◽  
Wide Scale

In August 1994, 30 of 135 (23%) bakery plant employees and over 100 people from South Wales and Bristol in the United Kingdom, were affected by an outbreak of gastroenteritis. Epidemiological studies of employees and three community clusters found illness in employees to be associated with drinking cold water at the bakery (relative risk 3·3, 95%, CI 1·6–7·0), and in community cases with eating custard slices (relative risk 19·8, 95%, CI 2·9–135·1) from a variety of stores supplied by one particular bakery. Small round-structured viruses (SRSV) were identified in stool specimens from 4 employees and 7 community cases. Analysis of the polymerase and capsid regions of the SRSV genome by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated viruses of both genogroups (1 and 2) each with several different nucleotide sequences. The heterogeneity of the viruses identified in the outbreak suggests that dried custard mix may have been inadvertently reconstituted with contaminated water. The incident shows how secondary food contamination can cause wide-scale community gastroenteritis outbreaks, and demonstrates the ability of molecular techniques to support classical epidemiological methods in outbreak investigations.

FEATURES OF VIRAL CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER IN ARKHANGELSK REGION

Human Ecology ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
I. I. Bobun ◽  
R. V. Buzinov ◽  
L. A. Shishko ◽  
V. P. Boltenkov ◽  
B. A. Morgunov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Arkhangelsk Region

Legionnaire’s disease and COVID-19: Could Legionella be acting in conjunction with the Corona virus to aggravate the COVID-19 disease?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew John PENDERY
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Cooling Towers ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Legionnaire's Disease ◽  
Legionnaire’S Disease

There are some striking similarities between Legionnaire’s disease and COVID-19. Thesymptoms, age group and sex at risk are identical. The geographical distribution of both diseases is similar in Europe overall, and within the USA, France and Italy. The environmental distributions are also similar. However Legionnaire’s disease is caused by Legionella bacteria while COVID-19 is caused by the Corona virus. Whereas COVID-19 is contagious, Legionnaire’s disease is environmental. Legionella bacteria are commonly found in drinking water systems and near air conditioning cooling towers. Legionnaire’sdisease is caught by inhaling contaminated water droplets. The Legionella bacteria does not spread person to person and only causes disease if it enters the lungs.Could the Corona virus be making it easier for Legionella bacteria to enter the lungs?

Enteric viruses in drinking water supplies

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
A.P. Wyn-Jones ◽  
J. Watkins ◽  
C. Francis ◽  
M. Laverick ◽  
J. Sellwood
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Water Supplies

Two rural spring drinking water supplies were studied for their enteric virus levels. In one, serving about 30 dwellings, the water was chlorinated before distribution; in the other, which served a dairy and six dwellings the water was not treated. Samples of treated (40 l) and untreated (20 l) water were taken under normal and heavy rainfall conditions over a six weeks period and concentrated by adsorption/elution and organic flocculation. Infectious enterovirus in concentrates was detected in liquid culture and enumerated by plaque assay, both in BGM cells, and concentrates were also analysed by RT-PCR. Viruses were found in both raw water supplies. Rural supplies need to be analysed for viruses as well as bacterial and protozoan pathogens if the full microbial hazard is to be determined.

Reduction of Salmonella Excretion into Drinking Water Following Treatment of Chicks with Nurmi Culture

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 917-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. STERSKY ◽  
B. BLANCHFIELD ◽  
C. THACKER ◽  
H. PIVNICK
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Salmonella Infection

Day-old chicks (Gallus domesticus) were treated with cultured feces of adult chickens according to the Nurmi concept and were challenged 2 days later with Salmonella typhimurium. Treated chicks were less susceptible to infection than untreated chicks (16% vs. 79% infected). Those treated chicks that did become infected, contaminated their drinking water with fewer Salmonella than the untreated chicks (maximum of 104/ml vs. ⩾ 107/ml). Fecally contaminated water may be a major source for spreading Salmonella infection within a flock.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Human Enteric Viruses in Surface Water and Drinking Water Resources in Southern Ghana

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen E. Gibson ◽  
Yayi Guo ◽  
James T. Schissler ◽  
Melissa C. Opryszko ◽  
Kellogg J. Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Drinking Water Resources ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
Southern Ghana

scholarly journals Detection of Adenoviruses and Rotaviruses in Drinking Water Sources Used In Rural Areas of Benin, West Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 2798-2801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Verheyen ◽  
Monika Timmen-Wego ◽  
Rainer Laudien ◽  
Ibrahim Boussaad ◽  
Sibel Sen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Surface Water Samples

ABSTRACT Diseases associated with viruses also found in environmental samples cause major health problems in developing countries. Little is known about the frequency and pattern of viral contamination of drinking water sources in these resource-poor settings. We established a method to analyze 10 liters of water from drinking water sources in a rural area of Benin for the presence of adenoviruses and rotaviruses. Overall, 541 samples from 287 drinking water sources were tested. A total of 12.9% of the sources were positive for adenoviruses and 2.1% of the sources were positive for rotaviruses at least once. Due to the temporary nature of viral contamination in drinking water sources, the probability of virus detection increased with the number of samples taken at one test site over time. No seasonal pattern for viral contaminations was found after samples obtained during the dry and wet seasons were compared. Overall, 3 of 15 surface water samples (20%) and 35 of 247 wells (14.2%) but also 2 of 25 pumps (8%) tested positive for adenoviruses or rotaviruses. The presence of latrines within a radius of 50 m in the vicinity of pumps or wells was identified as being a risk factor for virus detection. In summary, viral contamination was correlated with the presence of latrines in the vicinity of drinking water sources, indicating the importance of appropriate decision support systems in these socioeconomic prospering regions.

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