scholarly journals Estimated quantity of swine virus genomes based on quantitative PCR analysis in spray-dried porcine plasma samples collected from multiple manufacturing plants.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Blázquez ◽  
Joan Pujols ◽  
Segalés Joaquim ◽  
Carmen Rodríguez ◽  
Joy M. Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Manufacturing Plants ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Virus Genomes ◽  
Spray Dried

This survey was conducted to estimate the incidence and level of potential viral contamination in commercially collected porcine plasma.  Samples of spray dried porcine plasma (SDPP) were collected over a 12- month period from eight spray drying facilities in Spain, England, Northern Ireland, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.  In this survey, viral load for several porcine pathogens including SVA, TGEV, PRRSV (EU and US strains), PEDV, PCV2, SIV, SDCoV and PPV were determined by qPCR.  Regression of Ct on TCID50 of serial diluted stock solution of each virus allowed the estimate of potential viral level in SDPP and unprocessed liquid plasma (using typical solids content of commercially collected porcine plasma).  In this survey SVA, TGEV or SDCoV were not detected in any of the SDPP samples.  Brazil SDPP samples were free of PRRSV and PEDV.  Samples of SDPP from North America primarily contained the PRRSV-US strain while the European samples contained the PRRSV-EU strain (except for one sample from each region containing a low estimated level of the alternative PRRSV strain).  Estimated viral level tended to be low ranging from <1.0 log 10 TCID 50 to <2.5 log 10 TCID 50 .  Estimated level of SIV was the exception with a very low incidence rate but higher estimated viral load <3.9 log 10 TCID 50 .  In summary, the incidence of potential viral contamination in commercially collected porcine plasma was variable and estimated virus level in samples containing viral DNA/RNA was low.

scholarly journals High prevalence of Lynx rufus gammaherpesvirus 1 in wild Vermont bobcats

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagan A. Loisel ◽  
Ryan M. Troyer ◽  
Sue VandeWoude
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lynx Rufus ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
High Prevalence

Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) are host specific DNA viruses that infect a large range of mammalian species. These viruses preferentially target host lymphocyte cell populations and infection may lead to morbidity or mortality in immunocompromised, co-infected, or non-adapted hosts. In this study, we tested for the presence of Lynx rufus gammaherpesvirus 1 (LruGHV1) in a northeastern United States population of wild bobcats (L. rufus). We estimated prevalence of infection and viral load in infected individuals using quantitative real-time PCR analysis of spleen DNA from 64 Vermont bobcats. We observed an overall prevalence of 64% using this methodology. Bobcat age was significantly positively associated with GHV infection status, and we noted a trend for higher viral loads in young animals, but prevalence and viral load were similar in male and female bobcats. A single LruGHV1 variant was identified from the sequencing of the viral glycoprotein B gene of Vermont bobcats. This gene sequence was 100% similar to that reported in Florida bobcats and slightly variant from other isolates identified in the Western USA. Our work suggests broad geographic distribution and high prevalence of LruGHV1 in bobcat populations across the United States with infection attributes that suggest horizontal transmission of the agent. Geographic differences in viral genotype may reflect historical migration and expansion events among bobcat populations.

scholarly journals Spo0A Suppresses sin Locus Expression in Clostridioides difficile

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Babita Adhikari Dhungel ◽  
Revathi Govind
Keyword(s):  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Master Regulator ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile

ABSTRACT Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial infection and is the causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The severity of the disease is directly associated with toxin production, and spores are responsible for the transmission and persistence of the organism. Previously, we characterized sin locus regulators SinR and SinR′ (we renamed it SinI), where SinR is the regulator of toxin production and sporulation. The SinI regulator acts as its antagonist. In Bacillus subtilis, Spo0A, the master regulator of sporulation, controls SinR by regulating the expression of its antagonist, sinI. However, the role of Spo0A in the expression of sinR and sinI in C. difficile had not yet been reported. In this study, we tested spo0A mutants in three different C. difficile strains, R20291, UK1, and JIR8094, to understand the role of Spo0A in sin locus expression. Western blot analysis revealed that spo0A mutants had increased SinR levels. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of its expression further supported these data. By carrying out genetic and biochemical assays, we show that Spo0A can bind to the upstream region of this locus to regulates its expression. This study provides vital information that Spo0A regulates the sin locus, which controls critical pathogenic traits such as sporulation, toxin production, and motility in C. difficile. IMPORTANCE Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease in the United States. During infection, C. difficile spores germinate, and the vegetative bacterial cells produce toxins that damage host tissue. In C. difficile, the sin locus is known to regulate both sporulation and toxin production. In this study, we show that Spo0A, the master regulator of sporulation, controls sin locus expression. Results from our study suggest that Spo0A directly regulates the expression of this locus by binding to its upstream DNA region. This observation adds new detail to the gene regulatory network that connects sporulation and toxin production in this pathogen.

scholarly journals 1428. Lyme Disease Treatment in the United States: Prescribing Patterns from a Nationwide Commercial Insurance Database, 2016-2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S720-S720
Author(s):  
Amy M Beeson ◽  
Grace E Marx ◽  
Amy M Schwartz ◽  
Alison F Hinckley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Prescribing Patterns ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Low Incidence

Abstract Background Lyme disease (LD) is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States and is a significant public health problem. The use of non-standard antibiotic treatment regimens for LD has been associated with adverse effects; however, the overall landscape of treatment has not been described previously. We aimed to describe real-world antibiotic prescribing patterns for LD. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the MarketScan commercial claims database of outpatient encounters from 2016-2018 in the United States. We identified all individuals with a visit that included an LD diagnosis code and a prescription within 30 days of the visit for one or more of 12 antibiotics that may be prescribed for LD. We then categorized each individual as having received either standard or non-standard treatment during the two-year period. Standard treatment was defined as treatment with a first, second or third-line antibiotic for LD, for no longer than 30 days, and for no more than two episodes during the study period. Descriptive and multivariable analyses were performed to compare characteristics of people who received standard vs non-standard treatment for LD. Results A total of 84,769 prescriptions met criteria for inclusion, written for 45,926 unique patients. The mean duration of prescriptions was 21.4 days (SD 10.8). Most individuals (84.5%) treated for LD received standard treatment during the study period. Female gender (OR 1.5, p&lt; 0.0001) and age 19-45 (p=0.0003) were significantly associated with being prescribed non-standard LD treatment. Treatment in low-incidence states (OR 2.2 compared to high-incidence states, p&lt; 0.0001) and during non-summer months (OR 2.2, p&lt; 0.0001) was more likely to be non-standard. Age distribution of patients receiving treatment for Lyme disease, by gender and age at first prescription Seasonality of standard versus non-standard treatment of Lyme disease Conclusion In this population of employed, young, and insured patients, young and middle-aged women were at the highest risk of receiving non-standard LD treatment. Treatments prescribed in states with low incidence of LD or during non-summer months were also more likely to be non-standard, a trend which likely reflects misdiagnosis or overtreatment of LD. Future studies are needed to further define prescriber and patient factors associated with non-standard LD treatment and related adverse outcomes. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Characterization of a Unique Chromosomal Copper Resistance Gene Cluster from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 8284-8291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huseyin Basim ◽  
Gerald V. Minsavage ◽  
Robert E. Stall ◽  
Jaw-Fen Wang ◽  
Savita Shanker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
The United States ◽  
Copper Resistance ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Pepper Plant ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Copper Resistance Genes

ABSTRACT We characterized the copper resistance genes in strain XvP26 of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, which was originally isolated from a pepper plant in Taiwan. The copper resistance genes were localized to a 7,652-bp region which, based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern hybridization, was determined to be located on the chromosome. These genes hybridized only weakly, as determined by Southern analysis, to other copper resistance genes in Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas strains. We identified five open reading frames (ORFs) whose products exhibited high levels of amino acid sequence identity to the products of previously reported copper genes. Mutations in ORF1, ORF3, and ORF4 removed copper resistance, whereas mutations in ORF5 resulted in an intermediate copper resistance phenotype and insertions in ORF2 had no effect on resistance conferred to a copper-sensitive recipient in transconjugant tests. Based on sequence analysis, ORF1 was determined to have high levels of identity with the CopR (66%) and PcoR (63%) genes in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Escherichia coli, respectively. ORF2 and ORF5 had high levels of identity with the PcoS gene in E. coli and the gene encoding a putative copper-containing oxidoreductase signal peptide protein in Sinorhizobium meliloti, respectively. ORF3 and ORF4 exhibited 23% identity to the gene encoding a cation efflux system membrane protein, CzcC, and 62% identity to the gene encoding a putative copper-containing oxidoreductase protein, respectively. The latter two ORFs were determined to be induced following exposure to low concentrations of copper, while addition of Co, Cd, or Zn resulted in no significant induction. PCR analysis of 51 pepper and 34 tomato copper-resistant X. campestris pv. vesicatoria strains collected from several regions in Taiwan between 1987 and 2000 and nine copper-resistant strains from the United States and South America showed that successful amplification of DNA was obtained only for strain XvP26. The organization of this set of copper resistance genes appears to be uncommon, and the set appears to occur rarely in X. campestris pv. vesicatoria.

scholarly journals Differential Expression of Pine and Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme Genes in Fusiform Rust Galls

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 441-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaimie M. Warren ◽  
Sarah F. Covert
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Analysis ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Cronartium Quercuum ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

ABSTRACT Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme is the causative agent of fusiform rust disease of southern pines in the United States. This disease is characterized by the formation of woody branch and stem galls. Differential display was used to identify pine genes whose expression is altered by C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme infection and to identify C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme genes that are expressed in fusiform rust galls. Six pine cDNAs that appeared to be differentially expressed in galled and healthy stems and 13 C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme cDNAs expressed in galled tissues were identified. A probe that hybridizes specifically to C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme 18S rRNA was used to estimate that 14% of the total RNA in fusiform rust galls was from C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme. This finding was used to calibrate gene expression levels in galls when comparing them to expression levels in uninfected pines or in isolated C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme cultures. According to Northern analysis and reverse transcriptase PCR analysis, all six of the pine clones were expressed at lower levels in galls than in healthy tissues. Seven of the nine C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme clones that were assayed were expressed at higher levels in galls than in axenic culture. A number of the cDNAs encode proteins that are similar to those that play roles in plant development, plant defense, or fungal stress responses.

scholarly journals Automated Low Cost Method of Quantification of Hepatitis C Virus

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-253
Author(s):  
Faiz MMT Marikar ◽  
Dammika Senevirathna ◽  
Neil Fernandopulle
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Post Therapy

This paper describes the development of a Dig-dUTP based multiplex real time RT-PCR for the simultaneous detection of HCV viral amount in plasma samples. Viral genomes were identified in the same sample by Dig-dUTP PCR 216 bp region. Analysis of known scalar concentrations of reference plasma indicated that the multiplex procedure detects at least 500 copies/ml of HCV. In addition, we also assayed HCV viral load in eighty co-infected patients and in fifteen blood donors, confirming the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. This method may represent a useful alternative method for the detection of HCV co-infection, reliable for a rapid and relatively inexpensive screening of blood donors. The assay may be used to determine post-therapy viral clearance.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.14(3) 2015 p.247-253

scholarly journals The relationship between drugs use and risk behaviors in brazilian university students

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (spe2) ◽  
pp. 1169-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Cristina Pillon ◽  
Beverley O'Brien ◽  
Ketty Aracely Piedra Chavez
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
University Students ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Male Students ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Violent Behaviors ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Low Incidence

The aim was to describe relationships between gender and drug use as well as risk behaviors that may be associated with drug use among first-year students at the University of São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto. The Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) is an anonymous survey that was used for this descriptive correlational study. It was developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States. The sample (n=200) included (50%) males and (50%) females. Their ages ranged from 18 to 26 years. Results showed that more female than male students use alcohol and tobacco, but that the probability of heavy consumption is higher among men. There was a low incidence of illicit drug use for both groups. Male students were more likely to drive under the influence of alcohol than female students and more men were involved in violent behaviors such as fights with friends and police. In relation to sexual behavior, male students were likely to have more partners and less protection while under influence of alcohol. It was concluded that gender is associated with recreational drug use, specifically tobacco and alcohol, as well as other risk behaviors in university students.

scholarly journals Unseasonal Transmission of H3N2 Influenza A Virus During the Swine-Origin H1N1 Pandemic

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 5715-5718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elodie Ghedin ◽  
David E. Wentworth ◽  
Rebecca A. Halpin ◽  
Xudong Lin ◽  
Jayati Bera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
New York State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
York State ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
H3n2 Influenza

ABSTRACT The initial wave of swine-origin influenza A virus (pandemic H1N1/09) in the United States during the spring and summer of 2009 also resulted in an increased vigilance and sampling of seasonal influenza viruses (H1N1 and H3N2), even though they are normally characterized by very low incidence outside of the winter months. To explore the nature of virus evolution during this influenza “off-season,” we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of H1N1 and H3N2 sequences sampled during April to June 2009 in New York State. Our analysis revealed that multiple lineages of both viruses were introduced and cocirculated during this time, as is typical of influenza virus during the winter. Strikingly, however, we also found strong evidence for the presence of a large transmission chain of H3N2 viruses centered on the south-east of New York State and which continued until at least 1 June 2009. These results suggest that the unseasonal transmission of influenza A viruses may be more widespread than is usually supposed.

scholarly journals HIV virologic response better with single-tablet once daily regimens compared to multiple-tablet daily regimens

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 205031211881691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashi N Kapadia ◽  
Robert R Grant ◽  
Susan B German ◽  
Baljinder Singh ◽  
Amy L Davidow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Undetectable Viral Load ◽  
The United States ◽  
Virologic Response ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Viral Load Suppression ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
Virologic Control

Background: Single-tablet regimens are preferred prescription choices for HIV treatment, but there are limited outcomes data comparing single-tablet regimens to multiple-tablet regimens. Methods: We retrospectively assessed treatment-naïve patients at a single urban HIV clinic in the United States for viral load suppression at 6 and 12 months after initiating either single-tablet or multiple-tablet regimens. Multivariate regression was performed to obtain relative risks and adjust for potential confounders. Results: Of 218 patients, 47% were on single-tablet regimens and 53% on multiple-tablet regimens; 77% of single-tablet regimen patients had undetectable viral load at 6 months compared to 61% of multiple-tablet regimen patients (p = 0.012). At 12 months, 82% on single-tablet regimens and 66% on multiple-tablet regimens (p = 0.019) had undetectable viral load. Relative risk of any detectable viral load was 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.1–2.5) for patients on multiple-tablet regimens compared to single-tablet regimens at 6 months, and 2.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.2–4.0) at 12 months. Conclusion: Single-tablet regimens may provide better virologic control than multiple-tablet regimens in urban HIV-infected persons.

scholarly journals Use of Physical and Chemical Properties of Commercial Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Products forMonitoring Their Quality

2008 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Eduardo Ordóñez-Santos ◽  
Enrique Arbones ◽  
Lourdes Vázquez-Oderiz ◽  
Angeles Romero-Rodríguez ◽  
Julio Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Multidimensional Data ◽  
Pectic Substances ◽  
Physical And Chemical Variables ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
United States Mexico ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract Eighteen physical and chemical variables were determined in 25 samples of commercial tomato products: total solids, soluble solids, water activity, lycopene, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural, CIELab components (L, a, b, a/b, C, H), total acidity, sodium chloride, wet-weight pulp percentage, alcohol insoluble solids, total pectic substances, ascorbic acid, and pH. In order to maximize the variability of products, samples included crushed tomato, tomato puree, tomato paste, and heavy concentrates and were taken from Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, the United States, Mexico, Colombia, and Chile. Correlation analysis and multidimensional data analysis techniques (principal component analysis and hierarchical classifications) were used to describe the products' variability and to study the relationships among variables. Three variables were selected, with the aim of classifying the collection of samples in a way consistent with the classification obtained with the first principal components. These variables were soluble solids content, the CIELab lightness parameter L, and total pectic substances content.

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