The use of aluminum slag waste in the preparation of roof tiles

Aluminum slag waste generated from the smelting process of bauxite was used to prepare roof tiles samples. Clay was substituted by slag waste in percentages reaching 40% in the basic mix and the plasticity of the obtained mud was determined. This was followed by pressing the mud in steel molds and drying. The effect of waste addition on drying shrinkage was subsequently assessed. Firing of the green bodies was carried out at three temperatures (900, 1000 and 1100oC) and hour soaking at each temperature. Fired roof tile properties improved on increasing the percentage of alumina sludge and firing temperature possibly because of the presence of high amounts of fluxing oxides in aluminum slag. This caused a drop in porosity that increased the mechanical strength of tiles. The results showed that the substitution of clay by 40% waste and firing at 1100oC resulted in products conforming to ASTM C-1167 for clay type roof tiles. Cold water absorption dropped to 12%, below the maximum permissible limit of 15%, the value of Saturation Coefficient was 0.83, below the 0.86 limit and the obtained breaking strength of 3370N significantly exceeded the minimum requirement of 890N.

Fungsi Modal Sosial Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Ekonomi

Production is a process and the provision of goods and services in accordance with the wishes, Needs and benefits for the community. In general, production has factors namely capital, labor, land and organization. The production proces plays a role a a determinant of the level of human welfare. In this study, focuses on roof tile production in Karang Penang Sampang. Tile is an object made of soil that serves as the roof of the house to protect it from the sun and rain. Basically, sosial capital is an interaction that has norms, network and trust between individuals and other individuals or groups. Sosial capital is also related to the marketing process, because in marketing there i social interaction in various ways online (sosial media) and offline (face to face). Socio-economics is also explained by an economic thinker, namely Imam Al-Ghazali which started from a concept of Islamic welfare function. Welfare (maslahah) has a purpose for the good of the world and the hereafter.Imam Al-Ghazali main idea is a common welfare stated in the maqasid sharia. The approach used is a case study namely research that explores a phenomenon in time and individual or group activities, and collect detailed information using various data collection procedures. This case study is very relevent to the function of social capital for producing roof tiles and empowering technology as a modern tool to market roof tile in Karang Penang Sampang.

3D-Printed Liquid Cell Resonator with Piezoelectric Actuation for In-Line Density-Viscosity Measurements

The in-line monitoring of liquid properties, such as density and viscosity, is a key process in many industrial areas such as agro-food, automotive or biotechnology, requiring real-time automation, low-cost and miniaturization, while maintaining a level of accuracy and resolution comparable to benchtop instruments. In this paper, 3D-printed cuboid-shaped liquid cells featuring a rectangular vibrating plate in one of the sides, actuated by PZT piezoelectric layers, were designed, fabricated and tested. The device was resonantly excited in the 3rd-order roof tile-shaped vibration mode of the plate and validated as a density-viscosity sensor. Furthermore, conditioning circuits were designed to adapt the impedance of the resonator and to cancel parasitic effects. This allowed us to implement a phase-locked loop-based oscillator circuit whose oscillation frequency and voltage amplitude could be calibrated against density and viscosity of the liquid flowing through the cell. To demonstrate the performance, the sensor was calibrated with a set of artificial model solutions of grape must, representing stages of a wine fermentation process. Our results demonstrate the high potential of the low-cost sensor to detect the decrease in sugar and the increase in ethanol concentrations during a grape must fermentation, with a resolution of 10 µg/mL and 3 µPa·s as upper limits for the density and viscosity, respectively.

Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate Using Waste Materials in Concrete as Roof Tile: A Review

The use of waste material as a partial replacement has become popular in concrete mixture studies. Many research has utilized waste materials like cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and reinforcing materials substitute. The current paper focuses on some of the waste elements that are utilized in a concrete mortar (use in roof tile) as a partial replacement for fine aggregates such as rubber ash, sawdust, seashells, crumb rubber, pistachio shells, cinder sand, stone dust, and copper slag. There are many variations of mix proportion and water-cement ratio for every waste material. Compressive strength was compared and found that stone dust and the combination of seashell and coconut fiber shows an incensement when used to replacing fine aggregate. The suitable replacement level for stone dust is 25% and 50%. While the suitable replacement levels for the combination of sea shell and coconut fiber are 20% and 30%. Material from the rubber families such as rubber crumb and rubber ash is only suitable for replacement levels. Rubber families especially rubber crumbs have shown low water absorption value which is good in the production of roofing products. As we know, the roof should have waterproof properties to prevent any leaks from happening when it rains. Most of the waste materials added as fine aggregates in concrete have increased the amount of water absorption and found that sawdust is the most abundant material with a high percentage of water absorption compared to the others. Research on the partial replacement of fine aggregates replaced with waste materials is needed more extensively to provide more confidence about their use in concrete mortars, especially on roof tiles.

Formative Research to Design a Child-Friendly Latrine in Bangladesh

In low- and middle-income countries, most latrines are not accessible to young children. We explored how to modify existing pit latrines to make them child friendly. We conducted four focus group discussions with mothers to explore barriers to child latrine use. We then enrolled 20 households with a child aged 3–7 years old to test six enabling technologies developed based on the identified barriers. Two to three weeks after installing the selected enabling technologies in each household, researchers conducted 19 in-depth interviews with caregivers to explore the technologies’ acceptance and feasibility. Common barriers included the discomfort of squatting on a large pan, fear of darkness, and fear of a slippery floor. Of the potential solutions, a ring to stabilize the child while squatting in the latrine was preferred by children and was affordable and available. A wooden board with a smaller hole than the usual pan reduced fears of falling and helped eliminate discomfort but was inconvenient to handle and clean. A transparent fiberglass roof tile was affordable, available, increased visibility, and kept the latrine floor dry. In conclusion, the fiberglass roof tile and stability ring were two affordable and locally available technologies that facilitated latrine use by children aged 3–7 years.

Study on Glass Fibre Concrete Roof Tiles

The main objective of the fibre glass in concrete roof tile is to obtain good strength, heat resistant, & water seepage resistant roof tile. To ensure that the roof tile produced plays a role development with minimum cost, and high flexure strength. To draw an analogy between the normal concrete roof tile with glass fibre concrete roof tile. The sizes of short fibres used were 25mm and the glass fibres were alkali resistant. The effect of these short fibres on wet transverse strength, compressive strength and water absorption was carried out.