Characterization of specular freeform surfaces from reflected ray directions using experimental ray tracing

The applications of freeform surfaces in optical components and systems are increasing more and more. Therefore, appropriate measurement techniques are needed to measure these freeform surfaces for verification. This task is still a challenge for most measurement techniques. In this paper, we propose a measurement technique for optical and other specular freeform surfaces based on experimental ray tracing. This technique is able to measure form and mid-spatial-frequency deviations simultaneously. The focus will be set on the sensing technique and the measurement uncertainties in the setup. As the measurement technique is described, an estimation of the influence of different uncertainties based on simulations is given. The result from an experimental measurement is evaluated in relation to the influence of the uncertainties. A comparison measurement for evaluation is given.

Optimization of the composition of the harvesting and transport complex

The purpose of the article is to obtain additional knowledge, identify patterns of optimization of the harvesting and transport complex and use this knowledge and patterns in further practical activities. The study used methods of classical mathematics, observation, comparison, measurement, and experiment. As a result, the mathematical expectation of “time to fill the hopper” was calculated and justified, the grain yield was calculated and determined by the time of filling the hopper, the number of vehicles was justified by yield and distance to the warehouse from the field. According to the time of loading of the vehicle, coefficients were developed and determined that determine the efficiency of transport work during the transportation of harvest. The obtained research results have theoretical and practical significance for application in agricultural organizations of the Russian Federation, which is implemented in the methodological recommendations for optimization of the composition of harvesting and transport complexes.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE ELABORATION OF INDICATORS FOR QUANTIFYING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF GOODS

The period of temporary economic isolation caused by the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the economies of all countries in the world. After quarantine and the gradual restoration of the activity of all economic sectors, competition in the world market will intensify. Countries will promote strategies for economic growth, improving economic security, increasing exports, and protecting domestic producers. Given the fact that resources are limited and exhaustible, it is necessary to correctly identify priority sectors when developing strategies. For this purpose, the competitiveness index can be used, since competitiveness is one of the main characteristics that allows anyone to determine its position on the market, and increasing competitiveness ensures victory in the competition. The novelty and purpose of the study is to develop two new integral indices, and to improve one symmetric index of comparative advantage developed earlier. Some of empirical and theoretical methods were used in this research: abstraction, the method of ascending from the abstract to the concrete, comparison, measurement, analysis and synthesis, economic and mathematical modelling. To identify priority sectors, the author used the developed indices to assess the competitiveness of goods, not only on the foreign market, but also on the domestic market. This study can serve economists as a tool for assessing the competitiveness of goods, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the goods offered, in the context of developing measures to increase competitiveness, which will increase the profitability of entrepreneurship.

EFFECT OF ULTRASOUND ON S. EPIDERMIDIS MUSEUM CULTURE

The aim of the present research project was to study the effect of ultrasonic waves on the S. epidermidis ATCC 14990 museum culture. Materials and methods: A bibliosemantic method – for analyzing previous research based on scientific literature, electronic resources, empirical methods of scientific research (observation, comparison, measurement, experiment) – to study the effect of ultrasound on the strain of S. epidermidis ATCC 14990. Results: A study showed that when exposed to ultrasound for four and a half minutes on a culture of microorganisms S. epidermidis in glass tubes, the number of viable cells in the suspension decreases. Conclusions: The influence of ultrasound on the culture of S. epidermidis, studied in the work, showed that the selected and used parameters of ultrasound treatment cause destructive changes in microorganisms. These changes are not fatal for the entire bacterial culture used in the study, but they have a reliable antimicrobial effect.

Emissionsmessung von Endotoxinen – Vergleichsuntersuchung mit LAL- und rFC-Tests sowie Ermittlung von Verfahrenskenngrößen/Emission measurement of endotoxins – comparison measurement of LAL-and rFC-tests and determination of performance characteristics

Im Zuge der Erarbeitung der Richtlinie VDI 4254 Blatt 2, die die Emissionsmessung von Endotoxinen an Betriebsanlagen beschreibt, wurden Vergleichsmessungen mit Limulus-Amöbozyten-Lysat(LAL)- und rekombinanter-Faktor-C(rFC)-Tests durchgeführt und Verfahrenskenngrößen für das vollständige Messverfahren nach der Richtlinie VDI 4219 bestimmt. Hierfür fanden an einer zwangsbelüfteten Hähnchenmastanlage zum Zeitpunkt hoher bakterieller Emissionen 25 parallele Probenahmen (Doppelbestimmungen) mit dem Impingement-Verfahren statt. Die Endo- toxinaktivitäten wurden von fünf Laboren mithilfe von LAL-und rFC-Tests verschiedener Hersteller gemessen. Beide Methoden erwiesen sich als grundsätzlich für die Analytik von Emissionsproben geeignet, lieferten jedoch Konzentrationsangaben in unterschiedlicher Höhe. Da der rFC-Test keine Pfeilschwanzkrebse benötigt und die Messunsicherheit niedriger ist als beim LAL-Test, wurde für die Aktivitätsbestimmung von Endotoxinen in Emissionsproben nach der Richtlinie VDI 4254 Blatt 2 ausschließlich die Analytik mit dem rFC-Test beschrieben und standardisiert.