Minilaparotomy Cholecystectomy: A Forgotten Art in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Era (Our Experience from a Peripheral Hospital in North India)

Background: This study aimed to report the experience of performing minilaparotomy cholecystectomy in a peripheral hospital by a single surgeon. Methods: Data collected from 50 consecutive patients undergoing minilaparotomy cholecystectomy by a single surgeon over 18 months at a peripheral hospital were reviewed and studied. The recorded data encompassed demographics, operating time, incision size, conversion rate to open cholecystectomy, perioperative complications, and hospital stay duration. Results: Fifty consecutive patients, who underwent minilaparotomy cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis, were studied, among whom 48 patients were females. The participants’ mean age was 45 years. The length of the surgical incision was 4.5 - 6 cm, and only three patients required conversion to open cholecystectomy. The average operating time was 60 minutes; and the average postoperative hospital stay was 2.14 days. Conclusions: Minilaparotomy cholecystectomy is comparable with laparoscopic cholecystectomy in terms of postoperative morbidity, and it is ideal for peripheral hospitals lacking laparoscopic facilities.

Kết quả nắn kín và kết hợp xương bên trong sử dụng đinh nội tủy đầu trên xương đùi trong điều trị gãy liên mấu chuyển xương đùi

Mục tiêu: Trước đây điều trị gãy liên mấu chuyển (LMC) xương đùi chủ yếu là nắn mở và kết hợp xương (KHX) bên trong bằng DHS, nẹp khóa … đòi hỏi sự bộc lộc rộng rãi và mở ổ gãy, sẽ dẫn đến tình trạng mất máu, đau, hạn chế vận động sau mổ và sẽ dẫn đến các biến chứng. Đối với những trường hợp gãy mất vững, tổn thương thành ngoài nhiều thì việc điều trị bằng DHS, nẹp khóa thường dẫn đến di lệch thứ phát và thất bại trong quá trình điều trị. Với sự ra đời của đinh nội tủy Gamma, PFNA, Reconstruction và thế hệ đinh mới nhất hiện nay InterTAN, với kỹ thuật mổ xâm nhập tối thiểu, không mở ổ gãy rút ngắn thời gian phẫu thuật và lượng máu mất, kết hợp xương vững về mặt cơ học, giúp bệnh nhân vận động sớm sau mổ giúp ngăn ngừa các biến chứng do nằm lâu. Báo cáo này nhằm đánh giá kết quả điều trị gãy liên mấu chuyển với kỹ thuật nắn kín trên bàn chỉnh hình và KHX bên trong bằng đinh nội tủy đầu trên xương đùi. Phương pháp: Chúng tôi thực hiện mổ nắn kín trên bàn chỉnh hình có sử dụng C arm, kỹ thuật mổ áp dụng theo AO trên 58 trường hợp gãy liên mấu chuyển xương đùi. Ghi nhận độ dài đường mổ, thời gian phẫu thuật, ước tính lượng máu mất, đánh giá thang điểm đau VAS, thời gian nằm viện, các biến chứng, kết quả điều trị, chức năng khớp háng theo thang điểm Harris ở thời điểm 3 tháng, 6 tháng và 12 tháng. Kết quả: Phương tiện đinh PFNA 41 trường hợp, đinh Gamma 5 trường hợp, đinh Reconstruction 12 trường hợp. Tuổi trung bình 78,86 ± 11,67 (38 - 97), nữ chiếm 72,4%. Thời gian mổ trung bình 70,34 ± 20,5 phút (45 - 135), kích thước vết mổ 6,70 ± 1,09 cm (5 - 10), ước tính lượng máu mất trung bình 257,1 ± 163,04 mL. Điểm đau VAS trước mổ và sau mổ trung bình lần lượt là 7,26 và 2,79. Thời gian nằm viện trung bình 13,37 ± 4,38 (5 - 24). Biến chứng trong phẫu thuật ghi nhân 1 trường hợp gãy rạn thân xương đùi và một trường hợp nắn kín thất bại. X quang liền xương ghi nhận ở tất cả trường hợp bệnh nhân tái khám, 4 trường hợp có can lệch. Điểm Harris ở thời điểm 3,6,12 tháng lần lượt là 76,42 ± 13,01, 85,96 ± 6,36, 90,25 ± 2,63. Kết luận: KHX bằng đinh nội tủy đầu trên xương đùi cho thấy kỹ thuật mổ xâm nhập tối thiểu giúp giảm mất máu, kích thước vết mổ nhỏ, bệnh nhân tỳ lực sớm và phục hồi sớm sau mổ. ABSTRACT THE RESULTS OF CLOSED REDUCTION AND INTERNAL FIXATION SINGPROXIMAL FEMORAL NAIL IN TREATMENT OF INTERTROCHANTERIC FEMUR FRACTURE Objective: In the past, treatment of intertrochanteric fractures was mainly to open reduction and internal fixation with DHS, locking plate … require extensive exposure, open fractures, will lead to blood loss, pain, and limited mobility postoperatively and lead to complications.In cases of unstable fractures with large external wall injuries treatment with DHS, locking plate often lead to secondary displacement and failure of treatment. With the introduction of intramedullary nails Gamma, PFNA, Reconstruction, and the latest generation of nails InterTAN, with minimally invasive surgical technique, without opening the fracture, shorter surgery time and blood loss, mechanically more stable, helping patients to move and weight bearing early after surgery and prevent complications due to prolonged lying down. This report aims to evaluate the results of treatmentintertrochanteric fractures with closed reduction technique on the orthopedic table and internal fixation with the proximal femoral nail. Material and method: We perform closed reduction on the orthopedic table using C Arm. And using surgical techniques applied according to AO on 58 cases of intertrochanteric fracture. Record the length of incision, surgery time, estimated blood loss, VAS pain score, hospital stay, complications, treatment results, hip function according to Harris scale. at 3 months, 6 months and 12 months. Results: The mean age was 78.86 ± 11.67 (38 - 97), female accounted for 72.4%. Means of nailing PFNA 41 cases, Gamma nails 5 cases, Reconstruction nails 12 cases. Average operative time 70.34 ± 20.5 minutes (45 - 135), incision size 6.70 ± 1.09 cm (5 - 10), estimated average blood loss 257.1 ± 163, 04 mL. The mean preoperative and postoperative VAS pain scores were 7.26 and 2.79, respectively. Average length of hospital stay was 13.37 ± 4.38 (5 - 24). Intraoperative complications recorded 1 case of femoral shaft fracture and 1 case of failure of closed manipulation. X-ray of bone healing was recorded in all patients at follow - up examination, 4 cases with fracture deformity. Harris score at 3,6,12 months is 76.42 ± 13.01, 85.96 ± 6.36, 90.25 ± 2.63, respectively. Conclusions: Treatment with a proximal femoral nail (PFN) showed that minimally invasive surgical technique, reduced blood loss, small incision size, allows early full weight bearing and postoperative recovery. Keywords: Proximal femoral nail, intertrochanteric femur fracture.

Preclinical safety testing and initial experience of a morcellation bag with four sealable ports

Electromechanical morcellation—so called power morcellation—is a minimally invasive approach to remove bulky lesions such as uterine fibroids. The spread of benign and malignant tissue due to morcellation is a major concern that might limit the use of laparoscopic interventions. We present an in vitro evaluation of the safety characteristics of a four-port endobag with closable trocar sleeves, and describe physical properties of the bag that may or may not allow passage through the hole. In addition, we report our preliminary experience of this tool when used for laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomies. The behavior of the endobag during the extraction process was analyzed by extracting opened and re-sealed bags filled with 20 ml blue dye solution through a wooden template, with incisions measuring 10 to 24 mm. The endobag was used in 50 subtotal hysterectomies during the morcellation procedure. In the in vitro test, no dye loss was recorded for incisions measuring 11–24 mm. The mean force required to pull the bag through the template was inversely proportional to incision size. No bag rupture occurred during the surgical procedures. The mean time taken to prepare the bag for morcellation was 7.1 min (range, 4–14 min), the mean duration of subtotal hysterectomy was 53.4 min (range, 20–194 min). The mean weight of the removed body of the uterus was 113.8 g (range, 13–896 g), the mean weight of tissue and fluid remaining in the bag after morcellation 7.9 g (range, 0–39 g). In the in vitro setting, the improved endobag signifies greater patient safety during bag extraction, along with less tissue traumatization due to a smaller incision in the abdominal wall. The improved ergonomic features of the bag permit the insertion of three trocars in the lower abdomen and avoid closure of unused access ports. Our preliminary experience has shown that the device can be used under routine conditions. Failure rates will be evaluated in future studies.

Minimally invasive removal of deep contraceptive implants under continuous ultrasound guidance is effective, quick, and safe

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility, performance, and complications of a non-surgical, minimally-invasive procedure of deep contraceptive implant removal under continuous ultrasound guidance. Methods The ultrasound-guided procedure consisted of local anesthesia using lidocaine chlorhydrate 1% (10 mg/mL) with a 21-G needle, followed by hydrodissection using NaCl 0.9% (9 mg/mL) and implant extraction using a Hartmann grasping microforceps. The parameters studied were the implant localization, success and complication rates, pain throughout the intervention, volumes of lidocaïne and NaCl used, duration of the procedure, and size of the incision. Between November 2019 and January 2021, 45 patients were referred to the musculoskeletal radiology department for ultrasound-guided removal of a deep contraceptive implant and were all retrospectively included. Results All implants were successfully removed en bloc (100%). The mean incision size was 2.7 ± 0.5 mm. The mean duration of the extraction procedure was 7.7 ± 6.3 min. There were no major complications (infection, nerve, or vessel damage). As a minor complication, 21 patients (46.7%) reported a benign superficial skin ecchymosis at the puncture site, spontaneously regressing in less than 1 week. The procedure was very well-tolerated, with low pain rating throughout (1.0 ± 1.5/10 during implant extraction). Conclusions Minimally invasive removal of deep contraceptive implants under continuous ultrasound guidance alone is feasible, effective, and safe. In the present cohort, all implants were successfully removed, whatever the location, with short procedural time, small incision size, low pain levels, and no significant complications. This procedure could become a gold standard in this indication. Key Points • Minimally invasive removal of deep contraceptive implants under continuous ultrasound guidance alone is feasible, which led to a success rate of 100% whatever the location (even close to neurovascular structures), with only a small skin incision (2.7 ± 0.5 mm). • The procedure was safe, quick, without any major complications, and very well tolerated in terms of pain. • This minimally invasive ultrasound-guided procedure could become the future gold standard for the removal of deep contraceptive implants, as an alternative to surgical extraction, even for implants in difficult locations such as subfascial ones or those close to neurovascular structures.

Multicamera 3D Viewpoint Adjustment for Robotic Surgery via Deep Reinforcement Learning

While robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery (RMIS) procedures afford a variety of benefits over open surgery and manual laparoscopic operations (including increased tool dexterity, reduced patient pain, incision size, trauma and recovery time, and lower infection rates [1], lack of spatial awareness remains an issue. Typical laparoscopic imaging can lack sufficient depth cues and haptic feedback, if provided, rarely reflects realistic tissue–tool interactions. This work is part of a larger ongoing research effort to reconstruct 3D surfaces using multiple viewpoints in RMIS to increase visual perception. The manual placement and adjustment of multicamera systems in RMIS are nonideal and prone to error [2], and other autonomous approaches focus on tool tracking and do not consider reconstruction of the surgical scene [3-5]. The group’s previous work investigated a novel, context-aware autonomous camera positioning method [6], which incorporated both tool location and scene coverage for multiple camera viewpoint adjustments. In this paper, the authors expand upon this prior work by implementing a streamlined deep reinforcement learning approach between optimal viewpoints calculated using the prior method [6] which encourages discovery of otherwise unobserved and additional camera viewpoints. Combining the framework and robustness of the previous work with the efficiency and additional viewpoints of the augmentations presented here results in improved performance and scene coverage promising towards real-time implementation.

Surgically induced astigmatism and coupling effect-mediated keratometric changes after conventional phacoemulsification cataract surgery

Summary Background The aim of the present study was to describe surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) and the coupling effect after conventional phacoemulsification cataract surgery (CPS) in relation to the incisional axis. Material and methods A total of 42 patients were included in the retrospective case series study. Corneal topography was obtained for patients with significant cataract before and 6 weeks after CPS with a main clear corneal incision size of 2.4 mm. Patients were grouped according to the relationship of the incisional axis to the position of the steep axis into a steep incisional group and a flat incisional group. Results In total, 46 eyes were included in the study. While the steep incisional group showed an SIA of −0.15 D (± 0.35), the flat incisional group had a significantly higher SIA of 0.20 D (± 0.51) (p = 0.03). The coupling ratio (CR) in the steep incisional group was −0.38 (± 1.41) and in the flat incisional group it was 0.16 (± 0.97). Correspondingly, a coupling constant (CC) of −0.25 was found for group 1 and a CC of 0.0 for group 2. Conclusion Our results suggest that the location of the main incision should be decided with consideration of the corneal astigmatism in order to minimize the SIA. The CR helps to understand the effect of induced astigmatism and the change in spherical equivalent.

Experimental Study on Delivery Performance of an Automated Preloaded Intraocular Lens Injector System for Corneal and Sclerocorneal Incisions

Purpose. To evaluate delivery performance of an automated preloaded intraocular lens (IOL) injector systems (AutonoMe) in the porcine eyes. Methods. In the freshly excised porcine eyes, lens removal and IOL implantation were performed. There were 4 groups (10 eyes per group) with different incision site and size: 2.2-mm and 2.4-mm corneal incisions and 2.2-mm and 2.4-mm sclerocorneal incisions. Delivery performance and wound enlargement of AutonoMe were analyzed and compared with those of iTec and iSert from a previous study. Results. There were a few minor troubles associated with AutonoMe, such as overriding plunger within cartridge and trapped trailing haptic during IOL insertion, but the incidence was low. Other interactions were not observed, such as IOL adherence to plunger, sudden ejection of IOL, intrawound lens manipulation, IOL behavior, and gross damage to IOL. AutonoMe caused significantly less wound enlargement for both corneal and sclerocorneal incisions than other injector devices. Wound enlargement by using AutonoMe was significantly smaller with 2.4-mm corneal incision than with 2.2-mm corneal incision, but the final incision size was still smaller with 2.2-mm corneal incision. For sclerocorneal incisions, the amount of wound stretch was not different between 2.2 and 2.4 mm incisions. Conclusion. The wound enlargement caused by the automated preloaded insertion system, AutonoMe, was smaller than that of other preloaded injectors for both corneal and sclerocorneal incisions. There were a few minor technical events during IOL insertion, but the overall incidence was low.

History and Utility of Single Port Laparoscopy, Robotic Assisted Laparoscopy, and Vaginal Laparoscopy (vNOTES) in Gynecologic Surgery

Minimally invasive gynecologic surgery is a rapidly growing field, with new modalities and methods being explored constantly. Since the inception of laparoscopic surgery, the goal has been to minimize incision size, which has been further extrapolated to focus on less incisions with Laparoendoscopic Single-site Surgery (LESS). Single site surgery has several advantages, disadvantages, and historically relevant utility. Throughout the ensuing text, the nuances of LESS will be explored and described in detail. Our purpose in this chapter is to explore the history and utility of single site surgery. We hope to set the stage for the extensive coverage and contents of the text to elaborate on LESS and its use in modern Gynecology.

Etiology Diagnosis and Management of Radial Nerve Entrapment

Context: The anatomy of the radial nerve is prone to entrapment, each with different symptomology. Compression of entrapment of the radial nerve can occur near the radiocapitellar joint, the spiral groove, the arcade of Frohse, the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB), and at the radial tunnel. Those who require repetitive motions are at increased risk of peripheral neuropathy syndromes, including repetitive pronation and supination, trauma, or systemic disease; however, t the influence of all risk factors is not well understood. Depending on the location of entrapment, radial nerve entrapment syndrome presents different symptoms. It may include both a motor component and a sensory component. The motor component includes a dropped arm, and the sensory component can include pain and paresthesia in the distribution of the radial nerve that resolves with rest and exacerbates by repetitive pronation and supination. Evidence Acquisition: Diagnostic evaluation for radial nerve entrapment, apart from clinical symptoms and physical exam, includes electromyography, nerve conduction studies, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conservative management for radial nerve entrapment includes oral anti-inflammatory medications, activity modification, and splinting. Some recently performed studies mentioned promising minimally invasive techniques, including corticosteroid injections, peripheral nerve stimulation, and pulsed radiofrequency. Results: When minimally invasive techniques fail, open or endoscopic surgery can be performed to release the nerve Conclusions: Endoscopic surgery has the benefit of decreasing incision size and reducing time to functional recovery.