Graded ϕ-2-Absorbing and Graded ϕ-2-Absorbing Primary Submodules

The main goal of this article is to explore the concepts of graded ϕ-2-absorbing and graded ϕ-2-absorbing primary submodules as a new generalization of the concepts of graded 2-absorbing and graded 2-absorbing primary submodules. Let ϕ:GS(M)→GS(M)⋃{∅} be a function, where GS(M) denotes the collection of graded R-submodules of M. A proper K∈GS(M) is said to be a graded ϕ-2-absorbing R-submodule of M if whenever x,y are homogeneous elements of R and s is a homogeneous element of M with xys∈K−ϕ(K), then xs∈K or ys∈K or xy∈(K:RM), and we call K a graded ϕ-2-absorbing primary R-submodule of M if whenever x,y are homogeneous elements of R and s is a homogeneous element of M with xys∈K−ϕ(K), then xs or ys is in the graded radical of K or xy∈(K:RM). Several properties of these new forms of graded submodules are investigated.

Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB/M) Process Strategies for In-Situ Alloy Formation with High-Melting Elements

In-situ alloy formation by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB/M) from mixtures of easily available elemental powders is an appealing approach for developing and qualifying new alloys for laser based additive manufacturing of metals. However, especially when dealing with high-melting elements, like W, Ta, Mo, or Nb, it is difficult to achieve a homogeneous element distribution and a complete fusion of the powder particles. The aim of this work was to understand the effects of the PBF-LB/M process parameters (laser power, scan speed, laser spot diameter) and three different single- and double-exposure strategies on the fusion of high-melting W, Ta, Mo, and Nb particles in a Ti-matrix. For this purpose, 220 samples with 10 vol.% of the high-melting particle fraction were prepared and analyzed by optical light microscopy and automated image processing, as well as by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results are discussed in the context of current research on the process dynamics of PBF-LB/M. Based on that process strategies to support a complete fusion of high-melting particles during in-situ alloy formation are derived. It is shown that the number of unmolten particles can be at least decreased by a factor of ten compared to the most unfavorable parameter combination. For the lower melting elements, Nb and Mo, a complete fusion without any remaining particles visible in the microsections was achieved for certain parameter combinations. The results prove the feasibility of in-situ alloy formation with high-melting alloying elements, but they also demonstrate the necessity to adjust the PBF-LB/M process strategy to achieve a complete dissolution of the alloying elements.

In Situ Formation of a Metastable β-Ti Alloy by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) of Vanadium and Iron Modified Ti-6Al-4V

The aim of this work is to investigate the β-Ti-phase-stabilizing effect of vanadium and iron added to Ti-6Al-4V powder by means of heterogeneous powder mixtures and in situ alloy-formation during laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). The resulting microstructure was analyzed by metallographic methods, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The mechanical properties were characterized by compression tests, both prior to and after heat-treating. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed a homogeneous element distribution, proving the feasibility of in situ alloying by LPBF. Due to the β-phase-stabilizing effect of V and Fe added to Ti-6Al-4V, instead of an α’-martensitic microstructure, an α/β-microstructure containing at least 63.8% β-phase develops. Depending on the post L-PBF heat-treatment, either an increased upsetting at failure (33.9%) compared to unmodified Ti-6Al-4V (28.8%), or an exceptional high compressive yield strength (1857 ± 35 MPa compared to 1100 MPa) were measured. The hardness of the in situ alloyed material ranges from 336 ± 7 HV0.5, in as-built condition, to 543 ± 13 HV0.5 after precipitation-hardening. Hence, the range of achievable mechanical properties in dependence of the post-L-PBF heat-treatment can be significantly expanded in comparison to unmodified Ti-6Al-4V, thus providing increased flexibility for additive manufacturing of titanium parts.

Architecture of Jesuit Churches in the Former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1564–1773

The article presents the history and accomplishments of Jesuit architecture in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the late sixteenth to the late eighteenth century. The author sees Jesuit architecture as a distinct and homogeneous element within Polish architecture. The paper starts with a brief presentation of the existing research in the subject. It moves on to enumerate the activities of the Society in the field of construction, divided into three major booms: the first roughly between 1575 and 1650, the second between 1670 and 1700, and the third from 1740 to 1770, divided by periods of relative decline caused by a succession of devastating wars. The paper identifies the most important architects involved in the construction of Jesuit churches, as well as their most notable works. The paper ends with a brief note concerning the fate of the Jesuit churches after the suppression of the Society and the partitions of Poland.

Contribuições da Nova Tipografia e do Estilo Internacional para a Hierarquização Visual da Informação | Contributions of New Typography and International Style for building visual hierarchy of information

O crescente volume de texto nas mídias impressa e digital torna necessário algum mecanismo que ofereça condições de avaliar a relevância de cada material e definir o interesse, a prioridade de consumo ou o próprio descarte da informação. Uma das formas de contribuir para este processo decisório é trabalhar a hierarquia visual. Tomando-a como um recurso essencial para o design de informação, este artigo resgata um pouco do processo histórico pelo qual o texto deixa de ser um elemento simétrico e homogêneo dentro das margens da página e passa a ser explorado de forma assimétrica e dinâmica na Nova Tipografia, bem como, a posterior sistematização dessa abordagem por meio do grid no Estilo Internacional. Tais contribuições, incorporadas à linguagem gráfica adotada pelo design de informação, são essenciais para projetos de comunicação complexos que exigem dinamicidade no consumo do conteúdo e a articulação de múltiplas camadas de informação.The growing volume of text in print and digital media demands a mechanism for assessing the relevance of each material and determine interest, consumption priority or disposal of information. One way to contribute to this decision-making process is to build visual hierarchy. Taking it as an essential resource for information design, this article discusses the historical process by which text is no longer treated as a symmetrical and homogeneous element within the page margins and begins to be exploited asymmetrically and dynamically in New Typography. It is also presented the further systematization of this approach through the grid concept in the International Style. Such contributions, already incorporated into the graphical language adopted by information design, are essential for complex communication projects that require dynamism in consumption of content and articulation of multiple layers of information.

Retórica visual na infografia sobre saúde | Visual rhetoric in health infographics

Infográficos são conhecidos pelo amplo emprego de metáforas e outras figuras de linguagem. O presente artigo discute a presença de tais elementos comunicacionais em exemplos de infográficos animados sobre saúde. Os aspectos formais e históricos da infografia são brevemente apresentados e, em seguida, as intersecções do design com a retórica são abordadas, apresentando o conceito de figuras de linguagem e seu uso em peças gráficas. Alguns exemplos de infográficos são listados com o objetivo de apontar a ocorrência das figuras de linguagem conforme sua modalidade (acadêmico, mercadológico ou jornalístico). Por fim, conclui-se que o emprego de elementos da retórica visual pode não apenas variar de acordo com o objeto do infográfico, mas também com as exigências do público-alvo ao qual ele se destina.The growing volume of text in print and digital media demands a mechanism for assessing the relevance of each material and determine interest, consumption priority or disposal of information. One way to contribute to this decision-making process is to build visual hierarchy. Taking it as an essential resource for information design, this article discusses the historical process by which text is no longer treated as a symmetrical and homogeneous element within the page margins and begins to be exploited asymmetrically and dynamically in New Typography. It is also presented the further systematization of this approach through the grid concept in the International Style. Such contributions, already incorporated into the graphical language adopted by information design, are essential for complex communication projects that require dynamism in consumption of content and articulation of multiple layers of information.

A low-temperature formation path toward highly efficient Se-free Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells fabricated through sputtering and sulfurization

CZTS absorbers fabricated via the low-temperature formation path resulted in more homogeneous element distribution across the thickness direction with much less ZnS segregation near the CZTS/Mo interface.

Effects of the Laser Power on the Microstructure and Microhardness of the Carbonitrided 45 Steel

The 45 steel was processed by laser remelting after the carbonitriding heat treatment in this study. The microstructure morphology and microhardness of the laser-remelting layer at different laser powers were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and microhardness tester, respectively. The results show that a compact microstructure and a homogeneous element distribution can be achieved at the laser power of 1.2 kW under the given other laser parameters, and the microhardness was enhanced greatly.

NOVEL COMPOSITE-BASED CATHODES FOR MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS BY ELECTROCHEMICAL MULTICOMPONENT MODIFICATION

A multicomponent modification on the surface of porous nickel with nanoparticles is conducted by an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique to prepare new composite-based cathodes for molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs). Two new ternary composite-based cathodes, (nano- LiCoO2-LiFeO2 )- Ni and (nano- LiCoO2-CeO2 )- Ni , are inclined to possess good morphology and homogeneous element distribution when prepared under moderate current density resulting from a medium deposition voltage and suspension pH value in this work. Both composite-based cathodes manifest excellent anti-deformation and anti-dissolution performances under conditions of a simulated MCFC startup stage and are thus expected to be useful for application in the MCFC industry.