scholarly journals On temporal and spatialconceptualization in typologically distant languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 217-223
Author(s):  
Olena Taukchi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Single Model ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
Objective World ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
Spatial Metaphors ◽  
Time Arrow ◽  
The World ◽  
Individual Consciousness

The article «On Temporaland Spatial Conceptualization in Typologically Distant Languages» continues the series on working by Olena Taukchi. It explores the process of the world conceptualization and internal reflective experience in English, Ukrainian and Russian; analyzes the dependence of conceptualization on various factors: society`s ethno-consciousness, culture and subculture, as well as individual consciousness. Time is a phenomenon that is directly related to people, seemingly understandable, but in fact, controversial and difficult to explicate. Can you describe time? And if so, what does it look like interms of modern linguistics? Our vision of time implies a perspective that cannot be set in objectivity. For example, if time goes horizontally or vertically; if the time arrow directed forward or backward, right or left, up or down; if time is going past us, or are we moving through it? We do not associate those aspects with our knowledge of the objective world, but, be that as it may, we learn about it through language, most of tenth rough spatial metaphors. Observations of this kind enable us to say that linguistic data can be used as a key to understanding and interpreting any culturally significant aspects of objective reality. From our perspective, it is linguistic analysis of lexical units denoting time that appropriately complements the over all picture of research. In the minds of people speaking various languages, time has a single model and is described in the same terms.

Speech, music and dehumanisation in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four: a linguistic study of metaphors

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Marie ◽  
Simon Vandenbergen
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
The World ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
Central Meaning ◽  
The Way

This article examines the way in which metaphorical expressions referring to speech and music in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four contribute to the elaboration of the theme of dehumanisation. The term ‘metaphor’ is used in a broad sense to refer to various types of transfer of meaning, thus including metonymy and synecdoche as well as metaphor, strictly speaking. Further, the viewpoint is that metaphor is the result of grammatical as well as lexical choices, and is therefore to be dealt with on the lexicogrammatical level. The following conclusions can be drawn from the data examined in the article. First, a linguistic analysis of clause types shows that Orwell makes very consistent selections from the grammar to express the central meaning. Second, it appears that metaphors have been drawn from a relatively small number of recurrent donor domains. These are the domains of animals, physical force and liquids. Although superficially unrelated, they are united in the more abstract domain of ‘control’ and play their roles in creating the picture of a world in which individual consciousness and liberty have no place. Third, the article shows that conventional and creative metaphors harmoniously co-operate in establishing the meaning of dehumanisation as a characteristic of the world depicted in the book.

Philosophy, Religion, and the End of Hegel

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
John Walker
Keyword(s):  
World History ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
Objective World ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
As If

I want to begin with two of Hegel's endings, one well known, the other less so. First, some words from the closing paragraphs of Hegel's Lectures on the History of Philosophy:A new epoch has arisen in the world. It seems as if the world spirit has succeeded in casting off everything in objective reality which is alien to itself, in order to comprehend itself as absolute spirit: to produce its own objective world from itself and to keep that world serenely in its own power. The struggle of the finite self-consciousness with the absolute self-consciousness, which once appeared as an alien reality, is now coming to an end. The finite self-consciousness has ceased to be finite; and, by the same token, the absolute self-consciousness has achieved the reality which it formerly lacked. The whole of world history and especially the history of philosophy is the representation of this conflict. History now seems to have achieved its goal, when the absolute self-consciousness is no longer something alien; when the spirit is real as spirit. For spirit is this only when it knows itself to be absolute spirit; and this it knows in speculative science (Wissemchaft).

Constructive realism: In defense of the objective reality of perspectives

Human Affairs ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Madzia
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
John Dewey ◽  
William James ◽  
Cognitive Sciences ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
Constructive Realism ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
Epistemological Position ◽  
Epistemological Realism

AbstractThe paper proposes an outline of a reconciliatory approach to the perennial controversy between epistemological realism and anti-realism (constructionism). My main conceptual source in explaining this view is the philosophy of pragmatism, more specifically, the epistemological theories of George H. Mead, John Dewey, and also William James’ radical empiricism. First, the paper analyzes the pragmatic treatment of the goal-directedness of action, especially with regard to Mead’s notion of attitudes, and relates it to certain contemporary epistemological theories provided by the cognitive sciences (Maturana, Rizzolatti, Clark). Against this background, the paper presents a philosophical as well as empirical justification of why we should interpret the environment and its objects in terms of possibilities for action. In Mead’s view, the objects and events of our world emerge within stable patterns of organism-environment interactions, which he called “perspectives”. According to pragmatism as well as the aforementioned cognitive scientists, perception and other cognitive processes include not only neural processes in our heads but also the world itself. Elaborating on Mead’s concept of perspectives, the paper argues in favor of the epistemological position called “constructive realism.”

scholarly journals Evidential and epistemic adverbials in Lithuanian: evidence from intra-linguistic and cross-linguistic analysis

Kalbotyra ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (70) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ruskan ◽  
Audronė Šolienė
Keyword(s):  
Recent Decade ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Epistemic Modality ◽  
Functional Variation ◽  
Efficient Tool ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Code Language

In the recent decade the realisations of evidentiality and epistemic modality in European languages have received a great scholarly interest and resulted in important investigations concerning the relation between evidentiality and epistemic modality, their means of expression and meaning extensions in various types of discourse. The present paper deals with the adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiškiai ‘clearly’, ryškiai ‘visibly, clearly’, matyt ‘apparently, evidently’ and regis ‘seemingly’, which derive from the source domain of perception, and the epistemic necessity adverbials tikriausiai/veikiausiai/greičiausiai ‘most probably’, būtinai ‘necessarily’ and neabejotinai ‘undoubtedly’. The aim of the paper is to explore the morphosyntactic properties of the adverbials when they are used as evidential or epistemic markers and compare the distribution of their evidential and epistemic functions in Lithuanian fiction, news and academic discourse. The data have been drawn from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian and the bidirectional translation corpus ParaCorpEN→LT→EN (Šolienė 2012, 2015). The quantitative findings reveal distributional differences of the adverbials under study across different types of discourse. Functional variation of the evidential perception-based adverbials is determined to a great extent by the degree of epistemic commitment, evidenced not only by intra-linguistic but also cross-linguistic data. The non-perception based adverbials tikriausiai/veikiausiai/greičiausiai ‘most probably’, būtinai ‘necessarily’ and neabejotinai ‘undoubtedly’ are the primary adverbial markers of epistemic necessity in Lithuanian, though some of them may have evidential meaning extensions. A parallel and comparable corpus-based analysis has once again proved to be a very efficient tool for diagnosing language-specific features and describing an inventory used to code language-specific evidential and epistemic meanings.

scholarly journals From Ladder and Thread to Heaven: The Symbolic Meaning of the Path in a Fragment of the Linguistic World Image

Linguistics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 38-52
Author(s):  
Oksana Simovych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Demarcation Line ◽  
Concrete Situation ◽  
General Semantics ◽  
The World ◽  
Symbolic Meanings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
World Image

This article «From Ladder and Thread to Heaven: The Symbolic Meaning of the Path in a Fragment of the Linguistic World Image» explores the problem of the analysis of folk customs. These customs could be verbalized both in folk texts and in dialects. The specifics of this study lie in the linguistic analysis of the symbols which are usually interpreted as folk customs and folk objects. However, the symbolism of the objects in national customs causes the development of a symbolic meaning of the respective word that defines these objects. In this way, many symbols in folk customs become verbal, and the context of the custom creates a foundation for the development of the symbolic meaning. The verbal symbols analyzed are a «thread», a «ball of twine», a «ladder», a «bridge» and a «cross». In the national Ukrainian linguistic space, these words have the general semantics of the ‘connection between worlds’. It is stressed that the symbolic meaning of the (celestial) ladder has been discovered in the biblical context. This is also relevant for the clarification of the subject of continuity in the development of the symbolic meanings, which are also documented in the Ukrainian context. A concrete situation in linguistics and custom creates conditions under which arise symbolic co-meanings that develop in the framework of the same main symbolic archetypical meaning. All analyzed symbols belong to the archetypical ones. That is why they have been also discovered with the same semantics in other languages. This is the reason why the analysis of such symbols requires not only facts documented in the dictionaries and texts in Ukrainian, but also information about the respective symbol in other linguistic cultures. It is also pointed out that the thread is analyzed as an apotropaic symbol. This word has also been documented linguistically as a symbol of the demarcation line between one’s own world and the world of «others».

LEXICO-SEMANTIC AND STYLISTIC IMPLEMENTATION OF THE VALUES IN ADMINISTRATIVE DISCOURSE

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
YANKINA ELENA V. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Fundamental Categories ◽  
Colloquial Speech ◽  
The Relationship

This article is devoted to identifying and describing the main lexical-semantic and stylistic ways of implementing the values in dialogical communication of the basic pair "manager-subordinate". The paper describes the fundamental categories of axiology "value" and "evaluation", also shows the relationship between values and evaluation. The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the anthropocentric approach of modern linguistic research, as well as by the existing need to supplement with one more descriptive fragment of the world value picture with the linguistic analysis of the actualized values in administrative discourse. The identification of the main lexical-semantic and stylistic ways of implementing values is carried out on the basis of dialogical communication between the manager and subordinates, examples of which are taken from the colloquial speech, as well as Russian fiction of the second half of the 20th century. In the study the author concludes that in the administrative discourse, values as well as anti-values (as opposition) are lexically actualized by means of certain nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, and also adverbs. As for the stylistic ways of actualizing values, we include interrogative, exclamatory sentences, anaphora, and imperative among them.

METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF GENERAL THEORY OF LAW J.-L. BERGEL

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Вадим Леонидович Афанасьевский
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Legal Discourse ◽  
Scientific Methodology ◽  
Existential Philosophy ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Theory Of Law

Предметом статьи является экспликация методологического базиса разработанной французским правоведом Жаном-Луи Бержелем концепции общей теории права. Автор фиксирует, что методология этой конструкции отличается принципиальной спецификой от классического рационализма научного знания. Бержель для разработки проблем теории права использовал импрессионистский метод, принципиально выходящий за рамки научной методологии. Это приводит к тому, что читатель превращается в соавтора, выстраивая свое представление о предмете теории права. Причем фантазия автора и читателя ничем не ограничена, ибо она уходит от исторических трансформаций развития правовой реальности и традиций теоретического правового дискурса. В статье показано, что предложенная методология привела Бержеля к размытости и непроясненности понятийного аппарата и «терминологическому анархизму». Представив свой анализ его концепции общей теории права, автор статьи приходит к выводу, что основанием методологии Бержеля являются характерные для французской социогуманитарной мысли принципы экзистенциальной философии и постмодернистских штудий. Именно в этом коренится отсутствие целостности в теоретических построениях, наличие эклектизма и туманности употребляемых терминов и понятий. В эту парадигму прекрасно укладывается импрессионистский метод, используемый французским правоведом. Если читатель сам определяет понимание читаемого текста, то смысл уже не определяется объективной реальностью. Он выступает проблемой изолированного индивида, находящегося в произвольно выстроенном им фрагментированном мире, в том числе и мире права The subject of the article is the explication of the methodological basis of the concept of the general theory of law developed by the French jurist Jean-Louis Bergel. The author notes that the methodology of this construction differs in fundamental specificity from the classical rationalism of scientific knowledge. Bergel used the impressionist method to develop problems in the theory of law, which fundamentally went beyond the framework of scientific methodology. This leads to the fact that the reader turns into a co-author, building his own idea of the subject of the theory of law. Moreover, the imagination of the author and the reader is not limited by anything, for it moves away from the historical transformations of the development of legal reality and the traditions of theoretical legal discourse. The article shows that the proposed methodology led Bergel to a vague and unclear conceptual apparatus and «terminological anarchism». Having presented his analysis of his concept of the general theory of law, the author of the article comes to the conclusion that the basis of Bergel's methodology is the principles of existential philosophy and postmodern studies that are characteristic of French socio-humanitarian thought. This is the root of the lack of integrity in theoretical constructions, the presence of eclecticism and the vagueness of the terms and concepts used. The impressionistic method used by the French jurist fits perfectly into this paradigm. If the reader himself determines the understanding of the text being read, then the meaning is no longer determined by objective reality. It acts as a problem of an isolated individual who is in a fragmented world arbitrarily built by him, including the world of law

Communities of Practice and Critical Social Theory

2011 ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Communities Of Practice ◽  
Systems Development ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Information Systems Development ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Participants

In philosophical terms, a key issue of communities of practice (CoPs) can be located within one of the key philosophical debates. The need for CoPs is traceable to the inadequacy in certain contexts of the so-called scientific or problem-solving method, which treats problems as independent of the people engaged on them. Examples of this can be drawn from the management domains of information systems development, project management, planning, and many others. In information systems development, for example, the whole basis of traditional systems analysis and design requires such an approach. In essence, in undertaking problem solving, the world is viewed as though it is made up of hard, tangible objects, which exist independently of human perception and about which knowledge may be accumulated by making the objects themselves the focus of our study. A more human-centered approach would, by contrast, see the world as interpreted through human perceptions: the reason why the problem cannot be solved is precisely because it lacks the objective reality required for problem solving. In taking this perspective, it may or may not be accepted that there exists a real world “out there”, but in any event, the position adopted is that our world can be known only through the perceptions of human participants. This question of objective reality is one with which philosophers have struggled for at least 2,500 years, and an understanding of it is essential to determining the need for, and purpose of, CoPs. The next section therefore discusses some of the philosophical issues relevant to the subjective-objective debate: a search for what, in these terms, it is possible for us to know and how we might know it.

Introducing French Anglicisms

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Saugera
Keyword(s):  
World Wide Web ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
International Language ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Linguistic Behavior ◽  
French Words

Since French Anglicisms readily conjure up the Académie française, the introductory chapter presents purist views on Anglicisms, which tend to be implicitly political (Anglicisms as an allegory for the decline of French as an international language) and explicitly lexical (substitution of French words with English words). The raison d’être of this book was to provide an objective linguistic analysis that would test the myth, discussed here, that Anglicisms are lexical polluters, a myth magnified by the advent of the World Wide Web and the use of English as its lingua franca. The linguistic behavior of the resulting lexical items in the lexicon and morphology of French is the topic of this book, as, mainly because of this purism, linguistic research on these words has not been intensively pursued in France.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document