Moving from Basic to More Advanced: Is there an Increase Over Time in the Complexity of Teacher Questions and Student Responses in Case Based Clinical Seminars?

Introduction: Case-based group discussions (CBGD) are a specific, interaction-focused form of case based medical education dedicated to foster medical students’ skills of applying basic biomedical knowledge to patient cases. In such seminars, teacher question-student response patters are a crucial aspect. We empirically investigate to which degree clinical teachers progress from more basic, knowledge-oriented towards more advanced, elaboration-oriented questions in CBGD-seminars. Methods We video recorded 32 case-based seminars in the areas of surgery and internal medicine. 21 different clinical teachers had taught and 398 medical students had attended these seminars. We coded closed-reproductive and open-elaborative teacher questions as well as reproductive and elaborative student responses to these questions. Interrater reliability was satisfactory. For determining trends regarding the teacher questions / student responses, we compared eight equally long time-segments per seminar. Results Overall, clinical teachers posed more closed-reproductive than open-elaborative questions to students and the latter gave more reproductive than elaborative responses. Regarding the frequencies of these forms of teacher questions / student responses, we found no significant differences over time. Discussion We found that clinical teachers did not deliberately modify the types of questions they posed over time to push their students towards more elaborative responses. Generally, this raises the critical question to which degree promising didactic concepts are actually put into clinical teaching practice. In our sample, we observed substantial heterogeneity regarding the variables in focus of our study. We conclude that medical education researchers should more thoroughly take different starting conditions and teaching approaches of different teachers into account.

PENINGKATAN AKTIVITAS BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK PADA PEMBELAJARAN IPA MENGGUNAKAN LKPD SECARA DARING DI SMPN 248 JAKARTA

This study aims to improve student learning outcomes using LKPD. The online learning process causes students to ignore the assigned tasks, lack mastery of science material and lose focus in learning. This classroom action research is designed in two cycles. Actions taken by observing during learning activities with indicators include: attendance level, activeness in answering teacher questions and collecting assignments on time. The scope of the material given in the first cycle is Measurement and in the second cycle is the Properties of the Solution. The subjects of this study were 35 students of Class VII D SMPN 248 Jakarta in the 2021/2022 academic year. The results of Classroom Action Research were obtained in two cycles, there has been an increase in learning activities seen from the increase in attendance reaching 100% in the second cycle from 77.14% in the first cycle. The activeness of students in answering questions increased from 8.6% in the first cycle to 28.57% in the second cycle. The increase in student activity in collecting assignments increased from 68.57% in the first cycle to 85.71% in the second cycle. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatan hasil belajar peserta didik menggunakan LKPD. Proses pembelajaran secara daring menyebabkan peserta didik abai terhadap tugas yang diberikan, kurang menguasai materi IPA dan kehilangan fokus dalam belajar. Penelitian tindakan kelas ini dirancang dalam dua siklus. Tindakan yang dilakukan dengan melakukan observasi saat kegiatan belajar dengan indikator meliputi: tingkat kehadiran, keaktifan menjawab pertanyaan guru dan pengumpulan tugas tepat waktu. Cakupan materi yang diberikan pada siklus I adalah Pengukuran dan pada siklus II adalah Sifat Larutan. Subyek penelitian ini adalah Peserta Didik Kelas VII D SMPN 248 Jakarta tahun ajaran 2021/2022 sebanyak 35 orang. Hasil Penelitian Tindakan Kelas didapatkan dalam dua siklus, telah terjadi peningkatan aktivitas belajar dilihat dari peningkatan kehadiran mencapai 100% pada siklus ke II dari 77,14% di siklus I. Keaktifan peserta didik dalam menjawab pertanyaan meningkat dari 8,6% di siklus I menjadi 28,57% di siklus ke II. Peningkatan keaktivan peserta didik dalam mengumpulkan tugas meningkat dari 68,57% di siklus I menjadi 85,71% di siklus II.

Moving from Basic to More Advanced: Is there an Increase Over Time in the Complexity of Teacher Questions and Student Responses in Case Based Clinical Seminars?

Introduction: Case-based group discussions (CBGD) are a specific, interaction-focused form of case based medical education dedicated to foster medical students’ skills of applying basic biomedical knowledge to patient cases. In such seminars, teacher question-student response patters are a crucial aspect. We empirically investigate to which degree clinical teachers progress from more basic, knowledge-oriented towards more advanced, elaboration-oriented questions in CBGD-seminars.Methods: We video recorded 32 case-based seminars in the areas of surgery and internal medicine. 21 different clinical teachers had taught and 398 medical students had attended these seminars. We coded closed-reproductive and open-elaborative teacher questions as well as reproductive and elaborative student responses to these questions. Interrater reliability was satisfactory. For determining trends regarding the teacher questions / student responses, we compared eight equally long time-segments per seminar.Results: Overall, clinical teachers posed more closed-reproductive than open-elaborative questions to students and the latter gave more reproductive than elaborative responses. Regarding the frequencies of these forms of teacher questions / student responses, we found no significant differences over time.Discussion: We found that clinical teachers did not deliberately modify the types of questions they posed over time to push their students towards more elaborative responses. Generally, this raises the critical question to which degree promising didactic concepts are actually put into clinical teaching practice. In our sample, we observed substantial heterogeneity regarding the variables in focus of our study. We conclude that medical education researchers should more thoroughly take different starting conditions and teaching approaches of different teachers into account.

Teachers’ Use of Scaffolds Within Conversations During Shared Book Reading

Purpose: We studied conversations initiated through teacher questions during shared book reading in prekindergarten and kindergarten classrooms as these conversations provide opportunities for the teacher to scaffold emerging language skills. This study provides detailed analysis of scaffolding strategies used by teachers after children answered teachers' questions. Method: Participants included 93 prekindergarten and kindergarten teachers who read aloud a standard narrative text to their class of students. All the sessions were video-recorded, transcribed, and then coded for conversational turns and teacher scaffolding strategies. Results: Descriptive findings showed great variability in the length of conversations and the extent to which teachers used scaffolding strategies. Most teacher scaffolds matched children's accuracy of response such that they provided support after incorrect responses and provided additional challenge after correct responses. Significant sequential associations were observed between the level of children's response and multiple types of scaffolds (e.g., corrective feedback scaffold after incorrect response; discussing factual questions after a correct response). Conclusions: Findings indicate that during shared reading, teachers are responsive to children's answers and are able to provide challenge or support as needed. However, teachers infrequently used scaffolding strategies like causal effects, predictions, and recasts . Given evidence that strategies such as recasts support early language skills, professional development experiences could encourage early childhood teachers to incorporate this and other key scaffolding strategies.

Do Teacher Questions Function as Assessment for Learning?

This study wants to challenge the robust idea of previous findings revealing that employing a particular question type would necessarily functions as Assessment for Learning (AfL). Besides, this study extends previous research focusing on typology and examines the syntactical forms of questioning in its practice. To gather data, six Indonesian English teachers were observed and audio- recorded, thus, transcribed and analysed following the principle of Conversation Analysis (CA). Except referential type functioning as a teaching technique and a discourse marker choice to discursively extend the classroom talk, the result of analysis corroborates previous studies in that they provide diagnostic information from which a better further action was taken place as highlighted in the AfL. Yet, this might occur as questioning types are syntactically constructed following classroom discourse moves. Thus, the examination of questionings functioning as Assessment for Learning (AfL), aside from types, the syntactical form and classroom discourse moves are important to cope with.

ANALISIS STRATEGI BERTANYA GURU DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI SMP NEGERI 1 SEUNUDON KABUPATEN ACEH UTARA

This study aims to describe the questioning strategy used by teachers in learning Indonesian at SMP Negeri 1 Seunudon, North Aceh Regency. The approach used in this study is a qualitative descriptive approach. The subject of this research is a teacher in the field of Indonesian language studies at SMP Negeri 1 Seunudon. Meanwhile, the object of this research is the question used by the teacher in learning. Research data can be in the form of types of teacher questions that are asked using strategies. To obtain data, this study used observation and recording techniques. Based on the results of the study, teachers in the field of Indonesian language studies at SMP Negeri 1 Seunudon, North Aceh Regency actively use several questioning strategies in asking questions to students by referring to the theory that the author uses. First, the waiting time strategy, which is the most dominant length of time given as a teacher strategy is 1-3 seconds and with 3-5 seconds it is only used for some questions (B1). Second, strengthening strategy (B2). This strategy is also known as giving rewards or awards. This strategy is done by giving some expressions that can make students feel happy, such as: very good, very true, and a hundred for you. Third, the strategy of exploring questions (B3). This strategy is used by providing follow-up questions taken from students' answers and then used as questions. The use of this strategy aims to make students convey the information that is known in full, and Fourth, the interaction equation strategy (B4). Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan tentang strategi bertanya yang digunakan guru dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di SMP Negeri 1 Seunudon Kabupaten Aceh Utara. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah guru bidang studi Bahasa Indonesia yang ada di SMP Negeri 1 Seunudon. Sedangkan, objek penelitian ini adalah pertanyaan yang digunakan guru dalam pembelajaran. Data penelitian dapat berupa jenis-jenis pertanyaan guru yang diajukan dengan menggunakan strategi. Untuk memperoleh data, penelitian ini menggunakan teknik observasi dan rekam. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian bahwa guru bidang studi Bahasa Indonesia di SMP Negeri 1 Seunudon Kabupaten Aceh Utara secara aktif menggunakan beberapa strategi bertanya dalam mengajukan pertanyaan kepada siswa dengan mengacu pada teori yang penulis gunakan. Pertama, strategi waktu tunggu, yaitu lama waktu yang paling dominan diberikan sebagai strategi guru adalah 1-3 detik dan dengan waktu 3-5 detik hanya digunakan untuk beberapa pertanyaan (B1). Kedua, strategi penguatan (B2). Strategi ini disebut juga dengan pemberian reward atau penghargaan. Strategi ini dilakukan dengan cara memberikan beberapa ungkapan yang dapat membuat siswa merasa senang, seperti: bagus sekali, betul sekali, dan seratus buat kamu. Ketiga, strategi pertanyaan menggali (B3). Strategi ini digunakan dengan cara memberikan pertanyaan lanjutan yang diambil dari jawaban siswa kemudian dijadikan sebagai pertanyaan. Penggunaan strategi ini bertujuan agar siswa menyampaikan informasi yang diketahui secara lengkap, dan Keempat, strategi persamaan interaksi (B4). Kata Kunci: Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia, Strategi Bertanya

History in Motion

The subject of this paper is the use of broadcast media content – newsreels, news reportage and non-fiction documentaries – in the history classroom. Used educationally as sources of evidence, such moving images offer students a valuable learning experience. Drawing on findings from a study involving students analysing media content in a Maltese secondary history classroom, I report how students preferred the documentary-type of broadcast content. Students demonstrated an awareness of disciplinary knowledge when analysing moving images and highlighted certain limitations. Teacher questions were key to driving the analysis forward. I place these findings within the general goal of helping students become visually literate. It is hoped that the reflections offered will help educators maximise the use of broadcast media content to promote effective learning in history and increase awareness among researchers and practitioners of television history and culture about educationally-relevant content.