ANALISIS STRATEGI BERTANYA GURU DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI SMP NEGERI 1 SEUNUDON KABUPATEN ACEH UTARA

This study aims to describe the questioning strategy used by teachers in learning Indonesian at SMP Negeri 1 Seunudon, North Aceh Regency. The approach used in this study is a qualitative descriptive approach. The subject of this research is a teacher in the field of Indonesian language studies at SMP Negeri 1 Seunudon. Meanwhile, the object of this research is the question used by the teacher in learning. Research data can be in the form of types of teacher questions that are asked using strategies. To obtain data, this study used observation and recording techniques. Based on the results of the study, teachers in the field of Indonesian language studies at SMP Negeri 1 Seunudon, North Aceh Regency actively use several questioning strategies in asking questions to students by referring to the theory that the author uses. First, the waiting time strategy, which is the most dominant length of time given as a teacher strategy is 1-3 seconds and with 3-5 seconds it is only used for some questions (B1). Second, strengthening strategy (B2). This strategy is also known as giving rewards or awards. This strategy is done by giving some expressions that can make students feel happy, such as: very good, very true, and a hundred for you. Third, the strategy of exploring questions (B3). This strategy is used by providing follow-up questions taken from students' answers and then used as questions. The use of this strategy aims to make students convey the information that is known in full, and Fourth, the interaction equation strategy (B4). Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan tentang strategi bertanya yang digunakan guru dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di SMP Negeri 1 Seunudon Kabupaten Aceh Utara. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah guru bidang studi Bahasa Indonesia yang ada di SMP Negeri 1 Seunudon. Sedangkan, objek penelitian ini adalah pertanyaan yang digunakan guru dalam pembelajaran. Data penelitian dapat berupa jenis-jenis pertanyaan guru yang diajukan dengan menggunakan strategi. Untuk memperoleh data, penelitian ini menggunakan teknik observasi dan rekam. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian bahwa guru bidang studi Bahasa Indonesia di SMP Negeri 1 Seunudon Kabupaten Aceh Utara secara aktif menggunakan beberapa strategi bertanya dalam mengajukan pertanyaan kepada siswa dengan mengacu pada teori yang penulis gunakan. Pertama, strategi waktu tunggu, yaitu lama waktu yang paling dominan diberikan sebagai strategi guru adalah 1-3 detik dan dengan waktu 3-5 detik hanya digunakan untuk beberapa pertanyaan (B1). Kedua, strategi penguatan (B2). Strategi ini disebut juga dengan pemberian reward atau penghargaan. Strategi ini dilakukan dengan cara memberikan beberapa ungkapan yang dapat membuat siswa merasa senang, seperti: bagus sekali, betul sekali, dan seratus buat kamu. Ketiga, strategi pertanyaan menggali (B3). Strategi ini digunakan dengan cara memberikan pertanyaan lanjutan yang diambil dari jawaban siswa kemudian dijadikan sebagai pertanyaan. Penggunaan strategi ini bertujuan agar siswa menyampaikan informasi yang diketahui secara lengkap, dan Keempat, strategi persamaan interaksi (B4). Kata Kunci: Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia, Strategi Bertanya

Nonlocal-Interaction Equation on Graphs: Gradient Flow Structure and Continuum Limit

We consider dynamics driven by interaction energies on graphs. We introduce graph analogues of the continuum nonlocal-interaction equation and interpret them as gradient flows with respect to a graph Wasserstein distance. The particular Wasserstein distance we consider arises from the graph analogue of the Benamou–Brenier formulation where the graph continuity equation uses an upwind interpolation to define the density along the edges. While this approach has both theoretical and computational advantages, the resulting distance is only a quasi-metric. We investigate this quasi-metric both on graphs and on more general structures where the set of “vertices” is an arbitrary positive measure. We call the resulting gradient flow of the nonlocal-interaction energy the nonlocal nonlocal-interaction equation (NL$$^2$$ 2 IE). We develop the existence theory for the solutions of the NL$$^2$$ 2 IE as curves of maximal slope with respect to the upwind Wasserstein quasi-metric. Furthermore, we show that the solutions of the NL$$^2$$ 2 IE on graphs converge as the empirical measures of the set of vertices converge weakly, which establishes a valuable discrete-to-continuum convergence result.

The nonlocal-interaction equation near attracting manifolds

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>We study the approximation of the nonlocal-interaction equation restricted to a compact manifold <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ {\mathcal{M}} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> embedded in <inline-formula><tex-math id="M2">\begin{document}$ {\mathbb{R}}^d $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>, and more generally compact sets with positive reach (i.e. prox-regular sets). We show that the equation on <inline-formula><tex-math id="M3">\begin{document}$ {\mathcal{M}} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> can be approximated by the classical nonlocal-interaction equation on <inline-formula><tex-math id="M4">\begin{document}$ {\mathbb{R}}^d $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> by adding an external potential which strongly attracts to <inline-formula><tex-math id="M5">\begin{document}$ {\mathcal{M}} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>. The proof relies on the Sandier–Serfaty approach [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">24</xref>] to the <inline-formula><tex-math id="M6">\begin{document}$ \Gamma $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>-convergence of gradient flows. As a by-product, we recover well-posedness for the nonlocal-interaction equation on <inline-formula><tex-math id="M7">\begin{document}$ {\mathcal{M}} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>, which was shown [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">10</xref>]. We also provide an another approximation to the interaction equation on <inline-formula><tex-math id="M8">\begin{document}$ {\mathcal{M}} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>, based on iterating approximately solving an interaction equation on <inline-formula><tex-math id="M9">\begin{document}$ {\mathbb{R}}^d $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> and projecting to <inline-formula><tex-math id="M10">\begin{document}$ {\mathcal{M}} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>. We show convergence of this scheme, together with an estimate on the rate of convergence. Finally, we conduct numerical experiments, for both the attractive-potential-based and the projection-based approaches, that highlight the effects of the geometry on the dynamics.</p>

Application of the energy technology approach to the interpretation of the nature of the magnetic wave and light

The theoretical dependences arising from the dimensionless Lysenko complex for studying the transport of momentum, which determine the force interaction of photons, are considered. When deriving the force interaction equation, a model is adopted which takes into account that the product of the magnetic and electric charge is equal to the angular momentum, and the product of the magnetic and electric constant gives the value inverse to the square of the speed of light. The equation of the magnetic wave is obtained. From the dimensionless complex of energy-technological processes, the transport equation for the substance of the pulse, which determines the force interaction of photons, is obtained It is shown that such force interaction allows us to give a new interpretation of the nature of light and the energy mc2: the energy of one photon (mfc2)/2, and the energy of two photons mfc2. It is confirmed that the three forms of substance, energy and impulse (angular momentum) give the physical diversity of the material world.

Buckling resistance evaluation of steel beam-columns using refined General Method approach

Different aspects of Eurocode 3 General Method (GM) approaches are discussed in this paper. The purpose of present study is to improve the application of GM approach for both beam-columns without intermediate lateral-torsional restraints and with these restraints. The results from the proposed GM are compared with those from Eurocode 3-1-1 interaction equations according to Method 1 and Method 2. A better consistency between the developed GM approach and the Eurocode's interaction equation approach than Eurocode 3 GM approach is observed.

A Quantitative Survey of Online Impression Formation and Mate Preferences among Saudi Users of Matrimonial Websites

Matrimonial websites are an important element in the online interaction equation. Saudis can create a certain impression of themselves while indicating their potential preferences in a future spouse. Current research contributes to the Walther (1996) model by considering the message and the communication components: sender, channel, receiver, and feedback.Using a quantitative questionnaire survey (N = 302), the results provided an in-depth description of the script Saudi users follow when trying to find a potential spouse through matrimonial websites. Results found Saudi users differ by demographic variables in the self-presentation of their positive and negative attributes on matrimonial websites.The influence of the receivers&rsquo; factors differs according to demographic variables and has been partially confirmed; Saudi matrimonial website users have partially different mate preferences from those described by Buss and Schmitt (1993). In addition, male Saudis who use of matrimonial websites differ in their mate preferences according to their demographic variables, as results showed the role of six variables&mdash;age, tribe of origin, relationship status, educational level, income level, and religiosity level. Female Saudis who use matrimonial websites differ highly in their mate preferences according to their demographic variables because the results showed the role of all the aforementioned variables except relationship status.