PECULIARITIES OF APPLICATION OF EMOTIONAL VOCABULARY IN ENGLISH ARTISTIC DISCOURSE (A CASE STUDY OF THE WORK OF O. WILD, J. STEINВEСK, J. GRISHAM AND OTHERS)

The article explores the concept of emotionality and compares it with the concept of “expressiveness”. It was found that emotionality is complex and it synthesizes qualitative psychological, literary and linguistic characteristics. It is concluded that it is expedient to use the concept of emotionally – expressive vocabulary (coloring) to express both the reason for the formation of emotion and the consequence that comes from it. Emphasis is placed on another important part of the emotional vocabulary – evaluative statements that have a certain illocutionary power, designed for a very specific perlocutionary effect, and evaluation is passed through the human emotional sphere of the psyche. Different ways of expressing emotional vocabulary are described, and the most emotional vocabulary is divided into five main groups: emotives – nominatives, emotives – associatives, emotives – expressives, occasional emotives, neutral emotives.In addition, the research focuses on exclamations and phraseology, as the most effective way to convey the full range of emotions (highlighted phrases that describe the state of despair, sadness, dissatisfaction, indignation; phraseological units that characterize joy). The role of different parts of speech is described and the cause-consequential connection with emotionality is indicated. The dominant role of synonyms and artistic paths in the transmission of a positive spectrum of emotions is reflected. The peculiarity of phraseological units, which are the semantic centers of macro- and microtext, is revealed and examples of their application for the translation of emotions and feelings from the English-language artistic discourse are given. Phonetic-orthographic features of emotional elements are processed and structured (repeated repetition of sounds in writing; distribution of sounds by hyphens, expression of phrasal stress by application of italics, replacement of font, underlining, use of a colon). The relationship between a part of the work and the author’s dominant ways of conveying emotions in the work of art is indicated.Key words: expression, phrasema, emotiologies, affectives, semantic basis, illocutionary force, perlocutionary effect, negative connotation, occasional. У статті досліджено концепт емоційності й зіставлено його з поняттям «експресивність». З’ясовано, що емотивність має комплексний характер і синтезує в собі якісні психологічні, літературні, лінгвістичні характеристики. Підсумовано, що доцільно застосовувати поняття емоційно-експресивна лексика (забарвлення) для вираження як причини формування емоції, так і наслідку, що виходить із неї. Наголошено на ще одній важливій частині в рамках емотивної лексики – оцінних висловлюваннях, які володіють певною іллокутивною силою, розраховані на досить конкретний перлокутивний ефект, а оцінка пропускається через людську емоційну сферу психіки. Схарактеризовано різні способи вираження емотивної лексики, а саму емотивну лексику поділено на п’ять основних груп: емотиви-номінативи, емотиви-соціативи, емотиви-експресиви, оказіональні емотиви, нейтральні емотиви.До того ж у науковому дослідженні акцентовано на вигуках і фразеологізмах як на найефектнішному спо-собі передачі всього спектру емоцій (виокремлено фраземи, які описують стан відчаю, смутку, незадоволення, обурення; фразеологічні одиниці, що характеризують радість). Описано роль різних частин мови й вказано на причино-наслідковий зв’язок з емотивністю. Зображено домінівну роль синонімів і художніх троп під час передачі позитивного спектру емоцій. Розкрито особливість фразеологізмів, котрі є семантичними основами, центральними елементами макро- й мікротексту, й наведено приклади їх застосування для трансляції емоцій і відчуття в англомовному художньому дискурсі. Опрацьовано й структуровано фонетико-орфографічні ознаки емоційних елементів (багаторазове повторення звуків на письмі; розподіл звуків дефісом, вираження фразового наголосу шляхом застосування курсиву, заміни шрифту, підкреслення, застосування трикрапки). Вказано на взаємозв’язок частини твору з домінівними способами передачі емоцій автором у художньому творі.Ключові слова: експресія, фразема, емотиологія, афективи, семантична основа, іллокутивна сила, перло-кутивний ефект, негативна конотація, оказіональний.

Evaluation of eight protocols for genomic DNA extraction of Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes, 1836 (Loricariidae: Siluriformes)

The principle and the techniques applied in DNA extraction play a pivotal role in the obtention of a purified genetic material. The present study investigates the efficiency of eight protocols in the DNA extraction of Hypostomus commersoni, an essential component of South American freshwater ichthyofauna. The quality of samples was assessed through spectrophotometry, gel electrophoresis, and PCR-RAPD markers amplification. The efficiency of DNA extraction was influenced both by the method applied and the target-tissue of choice. Higher concentrations and yield of DNA were obtained from ocular tissue, with a positive spectrum of incubation in lysis buffer for up to 36 hours after sample collection, using fresh tissues and in the presence of a high concentration of Proteinase K (20 mg.ml-1). In these conditions, samples were successfully amplified. To date, there is no record of description for the parameters analyzed in this work, neither the description of RAPD markers for the species H. commersoni.

Ring chains with vertex coupling of a preferred orientation

We consider a family of Schrödinger operators supported by a periodic chain of loops connected either tightly or loosely through connecting links of the length [Formula: see text] with the vertex coupling which is non-invariant with respect to the time reversal. The spectral behavior of the model illustrates that the high-energy behavior of such vertices is determined by the vertex parity. The positive spectrum of the tightly connected chain covers the entire halfline while the one of the loose chain is dominated by gaps. In addition, there is a negative spectrum consisting of an infinitely degenerate eigenvalue in the former case, and of one or two absolutely continuous bands in the latter. Furthermore, we discuss the limit [Formula: see text] and show that while the spectrum converges as a set to that of the tight chain, as it should in view of a result by Berkolaiko, Latushkin, and Sukhtaiev, this limit is rather non-uniform.

Inapropriate Use of Antibiotics Effective Against Gram Positive Microorganisms Despite Restrictive Antibiotic Policies in ICUs: A Prospective Observational Study

Background: Gram-positive spectrum antibiotics such as vancomycin, teicoplanin, daptomycin, and linezolid are frequently used in empirical treatment combinations in critically ill patients. Such inappropriate and unnecessary widespread use, leads to sub-optimal utilisation. However they are covered by the antibiotics restriction programme. This prospective observational study, evaluates gram-positive anti-bacterial utilisations in intensive care units (ICUs) with various evaluation criteria, to determine the frequency of inappropriate usage and the intervention targets required to ensure optimum use. Methods: This clinical study was conducted prospectively between 01.10.2018 and 01.10.2019 in the medical and surgical ICUs of Gazi University Faculty of Medicine Hospital, Turkey. The total bed capacity was 55. Patients older than 18 years and who were prescribed gram-positive spectrum antibiotics (vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, and daptomycin) were included. Patients under this age or immunosuppressed patients (neutropenic,- HIV-infected patients with hematologic or solid organ malignancies) were not included in the study. During the study period, 200 treatments were evaluated in 169 patients. The demographic and clinical features of the patients were recorded. Besides observations by the clinical staff, the treatments were recorded and evaluated by two infectious diseases specialists and two clinical pharmacists at 24-h intervals from the first day to the last day of treatment. SPSS software for Windows, (version 17, IBM, Armonk, NY) was used to analyse the data. Categorical variables were presented as number and percentage, and non-categorical variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation. Results: It was found that inappropriate gram-positive antibiotic use in ICUs was as high as 83% in terms of non-compliance with the selected quality parameters. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the factors associated with inappropriate antibiotic use, increased creatinine levels were found to increase the risk of such use. Conclusions: In spite of the restricted antibiotics programme, inappropriate antibiotic use in ICUs is quite common. Thus, it is necessary to establish local guidelines in collaboration with different disciplines for the determination and follow-up of de-escalation of such use and optimal treatment doses. Keywords: Antibiotic stewardship, rational antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance, gram positive microorganisms, inappropriate antibiotic use

Inapropriate Use of Antibiotics Effective Against Gram Positive Microorganism in Under Restrictive Antibiotic Policies in ICU; A Prospective Observational Study

Background Gram-positive spectrum antibiotics such as vancomycin, teicoplanin, daptomycin ,and linezolid are frequently used in empirical treatment combinations in critically ill patients Although they are included in the national antibiotic restriction program, thought to be inappropriate, unnecessary and suboptimal use is high due to their widespread use. In our study, in addition to their widespread use, gram-positive spectrum antibiotics were evaluated due to their use in more limited and clear clinical indications. This study aims to determine the frequency of inappropriate uses of gram-positive spectrum antibiotics and risk factors for inappropriate use according to different quality parameters. Methods This clinical study was conducted prospectively between 01.10.2018 and 01.10.2019 in the medical and surgical ICUs of Gazi University Faculty of Medicine Hospital with a total bed capacity of 55. Patients older than 18 years of age onset of gram-positive spectrum antibiotics (vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid ,and daptomycin) were included. Patients under the age of eighteen or immunosuppressed (neutropenic, HIV-infected patients with hematologic or solid organ malignancies) were not included in the study. The demographic and clinical features of the patients were recorded. The treatment was also evaluated and recorded by 2 infectious diseases specialists and 2 clinical pharmacists except for the clinical staff at 24-hour intervals from the first day to the last day of treatment. SPSS software for Windows, version 17 (IBM, Armonk, NY) was used to analyze the data. Categorical variables are presented as number and percentage, and non-categorical variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Results In the use of antibiotics, the incidence of non-compliance with at least one of the determined quality parameters was 83%. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate risk factors for inappropriate antibiotic use, and creatine values ​​were found to increase the risk of inappropriate antibiotic use. Conclusions In spite of the restricted antibiotic program, inappropriate antibiotic use in ICUs is quite common. In particular, it is necessary to establish local guidelines in collaboration with different disciplines for the determination and follow-up of de-escalation and optimal treatment doses

Inapropriate Use of Antibiotics Effective Against Gram Positive Microorganism in Under Restrictive Antibiotic Policies in ICU; A Prospective Observational Study

Background Gram-positive spectrum antibiotics such as vancomycin, teicoplanin, daptomycin ,and linezolid are frequently used in empirical treatment combinations in critically ill patients Although they are included in the national antibiotic restriction program, thought to be inappropriate, unnecessary and suboptimal use is high due to their widespread use. In our study, in addition to their widespread use, gram-positive spectrum antibiotics were evaluated due to their use in more limited and clear clinical indications. This study aims to determine the frequency of inappropriate uses of gram-positive spectrum antibiotics and risk factors for inappropriate use according to different quality parameters. Methods This clinical study was conducted prospectively between 01.10.2018 and 01.10.2019 in the medical and surgical ICUs of Gazi University Faculty of Medicine Hospital with a total bed capacity of 55. Patients older than 18 years of age onset of gram-positive spectrum antibiotics (vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid ,and daptomycin) were included. Patients under the age of eighteen or immunosuppressed (neutropenic, HIV-infected patients with hematologic or solid organ malignancies) were not included in the study. The demographic and clinical features of the patients were recorded. The treatment was also evaluated and recorded by 2 infectious diseases specialists and 2 clinical pharmacists except for the clinical staff at 24-hour intervals from the first day to the last day of treatment. SPSS software for Windows, version 17 (IBM, Armonk, NY) was used to analyze the data. Categorical variables are presented as number and percentage, and non-categorical variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Results In the use of antibiotics, the incidence of non-compliance with at least one of the determined quality parameters was 83%. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate risk factors for inappropriate antibiotic use, and creatine values ​​were found to increase the risk of inappropriate antibiotic use. Conclusions In spite of the restricted antibiotic program, inappropriate antibiotic use in ICUs is quite common. In particular, it is necessary to establish local guidelines in collaboration with different disciplines for the determination and follow-up of de-escalation and optimal treatment doses Keywords:Antibiotic stewardship, rational antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance, gram positive microorganism, inapropriate use of antibiotics

Evaluation of eight protocols for genomic DNA extraction of Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes, 1836 (Loricariidae: Siluriformes)

The principle and the techniques applied in DNA extraction play a pivotal role in the obtention of a purified genetic material. The present study investigates the efficiency of eight protocols in the DNA extraction of Hypostomus commersoni, an essential component of South American freshwater ichthyofauna. The quality of samples was assessed through spectrophotometry, gel electrophoresis, and PCR-RAPD amplification. The efficiency of DNA extraction was influenced both by the method applied and the target-tissue of choice. Higher concentrations and yield of DNA were obtained from ocular tissue, with a positive spectrum of incubation in lysis buffer for up to 36 hours after sample collection, using fresh tissues and in the presence of a high concentration of Proteinase K (20 mg.ml-1). In these conditions, samples were successfully amplified. To date, there is no record of description for the parameters analyzed in this work, neither the description of RAPD markers for the species H. commersoni.