OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS THIN FILMS OF SODIUM-TUNGSTEN OXIDE BRONZES

В работе измерены спектральные зависимости оптической плотности аморфных тонких пленок оксидной натрий-вольфрамовой бронзы тетрагональной структуры состава NaWO, конденсированной на стеклянные подложки, термостатированные при температурах 373,473 и 573 K, а так же отожженные на воздухе и в вакууме, и электрохромно окрашенных. В качестве исследуемой оптической характеристики была выбрана оптическая плотность D, пропорциональная, как известно, коэффициенту поглощения. Спектральные измерения пленок, осажденных на подложки в диапазоне температур 373,473 и 573 K показали однотипность спектральных характеристик, с пиком экситонного поглощения в ближнем ультрафиолете. Полоса минимального поглощения лежит в диапазоне длин волн 400÷460 нм, а примесного поглощения - широкой полосой в области 650 ÷1000 нм с максимумом в диапазоне 900÷1000 нм. Подобная спектральная характеристика и определяет сине-голубой цвет тонкой пленки на просвет. Изучение оптических свойств тонких пленок натрий-вольфрамовых бронз представляет собой актуальную задачу. The spectral dependences were measured of the optical density of amorphous thin films of sodium-tungsten oxide bronze of the tetragonal structure and the composition NaWO, condensed on glass substrates, thermostated at temperatures of 373, 473 and 573 K, as well as annealed in air vacuum, and electrochromically colored. The optical density D, which is proportional, as is known, to the absorption coefficient, was chosen as the studied optical characteristic. Spectral measurements of films deposited on substrates in the temperature range of 373, 473 and 573 K showed the same type of spectral characteristics, with a peak of the exciton absorption in the near ultraviolet. The band of minimum absorption lies in the wavelength range of 400÷460 nm, while that of the impurity absorption is a wide band in the region of 650÷1000 nm with a maximum in the range of 900÷1000 nm. This spectral characteristic determines the blue-blue color of a thin film in transmission. The study of the optical properties of thin films of sodium-tungsten bronzes is an urgent problem.

Tunable Transparency and NIR-Shielding Properties of Nanocrystalline Sodium Tungsten Bronzes

The NaxWO3 nanoparticles with different x were synthesized by a solvothermal method and the absorption behavior in visible and near-infrared light (NIR) region was studied. Well-crystallized nanoparticles with sizes of several tens of nanometers were confirmed by XRD, SEM and TEM methods. The absorption valley in visible region shifted from 555 nm to 514 nm and the corresponding absorption peak in NIR region shifted from 1733 nm to 1498 nm with the increasing x. In addition, the extinction behavior of NaxWO3 nanoparticles with higher x values were simulated by discrete dipole approximation method and results showed that the changing behavior of optical properties was in good agreement with the experimental results. The experimental and theoretical data indicate that the transparency and NIR-shielding properties of NaxWO3 nanoparticles in the visible and NIR region can be continuously adjusted by x value in the whole range of 0 < x < 1. These tunable optical properties of nanocrystalline NaxWO3 will expand its application in the fields of transparent heat-shielding materials or optical filters.

Evaluation of Hinguleshwara Rasa by ICP AES Elemental Qualitative Analysis for Standardization

In Ayurveda Shodhan (purification) process plays a very significant role in purification of Herbal & Mineral drugs like Hingul (Cinnabar) & Vatsanabh (Aconitum ferox) for internal administration. Hinguleshwar rasa is one of the important Herbo-mineral formulation in Ayurveda. In this study we performed purification (shodhan) of Hingul (cinnabar) & Vatsanabh (Aconitum ferox) according to text and after using it in Hinguleshwar rasa we try to find out elemental changes during whole purification & trituration process. Because of the need of purification & standardisation in Ayurveda we do ICP AES Elemental qualitative analysis of drug and formulation. After doing ICP AES test of purified Hingul we found elements like Chromium, Sodium, Tungsten. but these element were not present in sample of raw Hingul (Cinnabar). In the sample of purified and un-purified Vatsanabh (Aconitum ferox) we not found any significant different element in this test. In Hinguleshwar rasa we not found elements which are present in purified Hingul (Cinnabar) & purified Vatsanabh (Aconitum ferox) like Chromium, Gallium, Nickel and Tungsten. Hence this study concludes that some elemental changes may happen after purification, trituration process and during preparation of any formulation. ICP AES elemental qualitative analysis helps to find out elemental changes in the given sample.

Sodium Tungsten Oxide Bronze Nanowires Bundles in Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye under UV and Visible Light Exposure

This paper describes the analysis and characterization of NayWOx bronze nanowires bundles and evaluation of their effective adsorption of methylene blue dye (MB). The Na-doped WOx bronze nanowires bundles were first synthesized via a simple solvothermal method, which were then fully characterized by using different techniques including TEM, XRD, XPS and UV-Vis, to validate the successful Na+ insertion into the WOx framework. The adsorption activities of the resulting NayWOx bronze nanowires bundles, compared with the undoped WOx form, were investigated by evaluating the adsorption effect on methylene blue under both UV and visible light irradiations. An enhanced adsorption performance of the Na-doped WOx bronze samples was recorded, which demonstrated a 90% of removal efficiency of the MB under different conditions (dark, visible and UV light). Moreover, the NayWOx bronze samples also offered a 4 times better kinetic rate of MB removal than the plain WOx nanowires.

ELECTRIC CRYSTALLIZATION OF THIN FILMS OF SODIUM - TUNGSTEN BRONZE

В работе рассмотрены вопросы получения тонких пленок натрийвольфрамовых бронз кубической структуры методом электрокристаллизации. Приведены основные параметры полученных пленок. Сняты спектры отражения пленок для неокрашенных и окрашенных пленок. Исследование приповерхностного слоя монокристаллов натрий-вольфрамовых бронз методами протонографии и ядерных реакций показало их высокое структурное совершенство. Анодная и катодная поляризации монокристаллов приводят к изменению структуры их приповерхностного слоя. Обеднение по натрию приповерхностного слоя присутствует и при катодной и при анодной поляризации, и глубина обеднения растет с ростом времени поляризации величины напряжения. Электронографией исследованы тонкие пленки натрийвольфрамовых бронз, установлена аморфная структура свеженапыленных пленок для всех температур подложки. Отжиг электронным лучом приводит к кристаллизации пленок. The paper considers the problems of obtaining thin films of sodium-tungsten bronzes of a cubic structure by the method of electrocrystallization. The main parameters of the obtained films are presented. The reflection spectra of the films were recorded for uncolored and colored films. Investigation of the near-surface layer of sodium-tungsten bronze single crystals by protonography and nuclear reactions showed their high structural perfection. The anodic and cathodic polarizations of single crystals lead to a change in the structure of their surface layer. Depletion in sodium of the nearsurface layer is present at both cathodic and anodic polarization, and the depletion depth increases with increasing polarization time of the voltage value. Thin films of sodium-tungsten bronzes have been investigated by electron diffraction, and the amorphous structure of freshly deposited films has been established for all substrate temperatures. Annealing with an electron beam leads to crystallization of the films.