A Low-Cost, Easy-Way Workflow for Multi-Scale Archaeological Features Detection Combining LiDAR and Aerial Orthophotography

The difficulty of obtaining funding often places the continuity of research projects at risk, forcing researchers to resort to low-cost methodologies. Such methodologies sometimes require a high degree of technical knowledge which, in many cases, poses an insurmountable obstacle to the development of a project. This article shows a low-cost, easy-way methodology for diachronically analysing terrain in search of archaeological evidence on different scales (micro and semi-micro) in both already known and new archaeological sites through the analysis of orthophotographs taken with UAVs, the DEMs generated from them, and public LiDAR data. It allows researchers with small budgets but with a basic knowledge of GIS and photogrammetry to undertake some aspects of their project without necessarily having to call on the assistance or support of specialists. Thanks to this methodology, the researcher will be able to continue until they are able to obtain the funding that will enable them to take their research further, with specialists. This article presents the first conclusions obtained after applying the proposed methodology at the Giribaile (Vilches, Spain) archaeological site—a site of interest in its territory which possibly functioned as an advance defensive post for the town, a hypothesis based on the towers and numerous internal structures that have been identified.

Algorithmic Administrative Justice

At the same time that artificial intelligence and machine learning systems are deployed with increasing frequency and success in the private sector, governments around the world are increasingly looking to harness the power of these digital tools to improve a variety of governmental functions, including sorting mail, identifying hazardous chemicals, uncovering securities and tax fraud, and improving traffic flow in congested cities. With time, algorithms will play a much larger role in assisting—or even replacing—humans involved in governmental tasks. This article assesses the range of legal, ethical, and policy concerns implicated by governmental use of algorithmic tools. Although machine-learning algorithms and other automated tools present important challenges for government related to accountability, procedural justice, transparency, privacy, and equality, the issues presented are not qualitatively distinct from the government’s use of other complex analytic tools. Ultimately, existing legal principles should prove to be no intrinsic or insurmountable obstacle to the responsible deployment of artificial intelligence. Yet to help ensure that artificial intelligence is used responsibly, public administrators, elected officials, and concerned citizens must remain vigilant in their use of such digital tools and see that machine-learning systems are ultimately deployed by governments in a manner consistent with both sound ethical judgment and sufficient empathy for those affected by these systems.

Functionally Flexible Signaling and the Origin of Language

At the earliest break of ancient hominins from their primate relatives in vocal communication, we propose a selection pressure on vocal fitness signaling by hominin infants. Exploratory vocalizations, not tied to expression of distress or immediate need, could have helped persuade parents of the wellness and viability of the infants who produced them. We hypothesize that hominin parents invested more in infants who produced such signals of fitness plentifully, neglecting or abandoning them less often than infants who produced the sounds less frequently. Selection for such exploratory vocalization provided a critically important inclination and capability relevant to language, we reason, because the system that encouraged spontaneous vocalization also made vocalization functionally flexible to an extent that has not been observed in any other animal. Although this vocal flexibility did not by itself create language, it provided an essential foundation upon which language would evolve through a variety of additional steps. In evaluating this speculation, we consider presumable barriers to evolving language that are thought to be implications of Darwinian Theory. It has been claimed that communication always involves sender self-interest and that self-interest leads to deceit, which is countered through clever detection by receivers. The constant battle of senders and receivers has been thought to pose an insuperable challenge to honest communication, which has been viewed as a requirement of language. To make communication honest, it has been proposed that stable signaling requires costly handicaps for the sender, and since language cannot entail high cost, the reasoning has suggested an insurmountable obstacle to the evolution of language. We think this presumed honesty barrier is an illusion that can be revealed by recognition of the fact that language is not inherently honest and in light of the distinction between illocutionary force and semantics. Our paper also considers barriers to the evolution of language (not having to do with honesty) that we think may have actually played important roles in preventing species other than humans from evolving language.

Moving Beyond the Common Law Objection to Structured Proportionality

This article examines the claim that the adoption of structured proportionality testing in Australian constitutional review is ill-suited to Australia’s common law tradition. That objection has been stated by some members of the High Court and scholars, though the precise basis of the objection has not been clearly articulated. This article clarifies and evaluates this objection, setting out a number of distinct concerns which emerge from the reasoning of the minority justices. Ultimately, the article argues that the objection has been too starkly cast and that Australia’s common law tradition does not present an insurmountable obstacle to the introduction of proportionality testing in constitutional review.

USTAVNI IDENTITET I VIDOVDANSKI USTAV

With this paper the author completes his analysis of the reference historical constitutions and its influence on the constitutional identity of modern Serbia. Reffering to the effects of constitutional identity "outside" (preservation of state sovereignty) and "inside" (the "core" of the constitution), the author analyzes the functional failures and substantive controversies of the Vidovdan Constitution. Inconsistent normative solutions of this constitution, a deep socio-political crisis and an unresolved national question in the newly created state were an insurmountable obstacle to building the national constitutional identity. However, the symbolism of the date of adoption of the Constitution and the fact that, at least formally, it was the last classical constitution of the liberal-democratic type until the 1990s and the entry into force of the 1990 Serbian Constitution, make the Vidovdan Constitution a reference text for studying the constitutional identity of modern Serbia.

Metodički principi približavanja uslovnih rečenica (engl. Conditional Sentences) u nastavi engleskog jezika

This paper deals with establishing and solving of potential problems concerning clarification and efficient learning of conditional sentences in the English language, that are a grammar unit which often seems like an insurmountable obstacle for those whose learning target is language mastery and therefore skillful use of these sentences. Primarily, the process of teachers transferring knowledge to secondary school students is taken into consideration, as these students possess the necessary linguistic knowledge and cognitive scheme as a potential for the effective acquisition of the relevant unit. In their case, therefore, the very learning process can result in skillful use of conditional sentences and their activation through linguistic skills. The accent is not only on the process of conditional sentence forming, but also on potential problems, and overcoming of those from the aspect of methodical principles, primarily deductive learning and cognitive approach, with the aim of indicating the importance of teaching grammar as a skill.

Examining of communication barriers of foreign students at the medical university of Karaganda

The article is devoted to the analysis of interethnic barriers of communication in the student sphere. It was studied how emotions prevent students from interacting with each other. The essence and classification of barriers are considered. The barrier is lived by a person as an insurmountable obstacle. As a result, he is not able to create and maintain communication links, during attempts he experiences strong negative experiences. This leads to low self-esteem, lack of ambition, dissatisfaction with yourself and your life, anxiety, guilt and the emergence of an inferiority complex. In psychology, the problem of communication barriers is given enough attention. Experts believe that the emergence of difficulties in communication contributes to individual experience. It affects the perception of information coming from the interlocutor, and does not allow you to look at the situation objectively. For most people, this process occurs unconsciously, so communication often becomes unproductive. Psychological causes are the result of personal aspects. These include differences in types of temperament, antipathy, secrecy, tightness, distrust.

Complications of the postpartum period by excessive accumulation of gases in the intestines due to the retraction of the intestines in the Douglas space

In a 22-year-old woman, after a normally proceeding childbirth, on the 3rd day of a normally proceeding postpartum period, rapidly progressive abdominal distention began to be found; 11/2 tablespoons of castor oil are given; indulgence did not come. On the 4th day, the size of the abdomen corresponded to the end of pregnancy; the stomach is painless; attempts to insert the probe into the rectum did not reach the goal: at a known insignificant height, the probe encountered an insurmountable obstacle. On the 5th day, the swelling progressed with good general condition, T 37.0-37.5, P 80 per minute.

Mediation Innovations in the Context of the Judicial Policy of Modern Russia

The article deals with mediation, or reconciliation of the parties, as a new procedure in the Russian civil judicial practice. The main advantage of judicial reconciliation is in the status of a mediator. As a rule, the mediator is a retired experienced judge who explains the law and the relevant judicial practice to the participants. However, mediation does not reduce the judicial load; it neither curtails the time of the trial nor saves the budget costs. Mediation, as well as other alternative methods of dispute settlement, can be actively applied only in a legally and economically developed society. Therefore, Russian judicial reconciliation has a long way to go. At the moment, the lack of real financial support from the government is an insurmountable obstacle for mediation. Moreover, the number of mediators differs from region to region. Therefore, the new practice needs combined efforts of the entire judicial system, from local courts to the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. Mediation is effective only if it means persuasion of the parties to reconciliation and proper governmental financing.

Volume Distribution of Reinforce Particles in a Metal Matrix

The authors studied the volume distribution of particles from ultrafine powders of natural diamond, used as a hardener for a post of diamond tools made on a metal basis by powder metallurgy methods. In [15-17], the authors determined that the addition of ultrafine natural diamond powders to the melt of tin bronze in an amount of 2-3% by weight has a positive effect on the physicomechanical and operational properties of the metal post. It was also determined that the hardening mechanism of the materials under study depends on the nature of the distribution of the hardener particles in the bulk of the matrix. In accordance with previous studies, the authors set the aim - to determine the distribution nature of reinforcing phase particles in the volume of the metal matrix. The studies were carried out using optical metallography, SEM microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It was established that the particles of the hardener in the volume of the matrix are distributed evenly along the phase boundaries and in the body of the grains and reduce the number of pores formed during sintering compared with the original samples. With the established nature of the distribution of particles, a grain-boundary hardening mechanism is realized, in which dislocations are inhibited by grain boundaries, which are an insurmountable obstacle for them. It is also established that a part of the particles settle directly inside the grains of the material and is distributed throughout the volume uniformly contributing to the dispersion hardening mechanism.