PROCES DALjE HARMONIZACIJE EVROPSKOG POTROŠAČKOG PRAVA

At the time of the establishment of the European Communities in 1957, there was no special provision on consumer policy for the whole of Europe. At the time, individual consumer policies of member states reflected different national cultures, traditions, administrative systems and priorities. Consumer policy at European level has become necessary for them in order to have adequate protection when trading in the single market. The first special consumer protection program was adopted in 1975, which was the basis for a growing body of directives and regulations in the field of consumer protection. Currently, about 90 EU directives cover consumer protection issues. Key EU policy areas related to consumer protection are the protection of life, health and safety of consumers; consumer information; protection of economic interests of consumers; protection of legal interests of consumers.

The NHS in Northern Ireland Post-Brexit: the Legal Position on Product Supply

The UK left the European Union’s single market on 1 January 2021. A Withdrawal Agreement made special provision for Northern Ireland. However, ‘grace periods’ concerning supply of goods were agreed, delaying full application of the new rules. The Northern Ireland NHS is heavily reliant on supplies from Great Britain. If these supplies are disrupted, the quality of care offered to patients will diminish. This article shows the legal details of applicable law once the ‘grace periods’, which are currently securing supply, cease to apply. It reveals significant costs and uncertainties associated with supply of products to the NHS in Northern Ireland. The direction of travel, unless something changes, is that new products will reach patients later than in Great Britain, and there is a real possibility that some products become difficult or impossible for the NHS in Northern Ireland to source. The result will be reduced quality of patient care.

Constitutional and Political Intricacies Involved in Abrogation of Article 370

Original Article 370 of the Indian Constitution is temporary, transitional. Special Provision of the State of J&K, This provision grants J&K an autonomous status. In contrast, Article 35A is incorporated into the constitution in 1954, grants special rights and privileges to state citizens. Since its inception, Article 370 has been considered a controversial provision in the constitution. It has been politicized in one or another way. The abrogation of Article 370 cannot be viewed in isolation, as it has proximity with historical, political, and constitutional dimensions. The abrogation of Article 370 is a key issue so far as the autonomy of the people of J&K is a concern. The mode and manner in which Article 370 has been abrogated and the procedure adopted for making Article 370 virtually ineffective is of great concern from the constitutional law point of view. The alarming terrorism in Kashmiris is a persistent threat to the unity and integrity of the nation and Indian democracy. Undoubtedly human rights violation of Kashmiri people through militant has always been an issue of great concern for Indian patriotism. In furtherance to the unity and integrity of the nation and to resolve the issue of Jammu and Kashmir with intent to have uniform opportunities of development, all the states, including Jammu and Kashmir, the Article 370 has been abrogated. Even though this decision was a courageous attempt on the government's part, it is not free from wide controversies. This paper examines the constitutional and political dimensions of the abrogation of Article 370 and its impact on the people of Jammu and Kashmir. The research paper examines the political, social, and legal intricacies, including the logical insight into how abrogation was politically judicious; however, the constitutionality is debatable. Paper squarely covers the historical, political, and constitutional dimensions of the abrogation of Article 370 and examines it from a constitutional point of view. The researchers have pertinently tried to analyze and evaluate the abrogation of Article 370 as a political necessity on the touchstone of constitutional principle and have correlated it with human rights.

Flexible Pavement Recycling Techniques: A Summary of Activities

Cold in-place recycling (CIR) involves the recycling of the asphalt portions (including hot-mix asphalt and chip, slurry, and cape seals, as well as others) of a flexible or composite pavement with asphalt emulsion or foamed asphalt as the binding agent. Full-depth reclamation (FDR) includes the recycling of the entire depth of the pavement and, in some cases, a portion of the subgrade with asphalt, cement, or lime products as binding agents. Both processes are extensively utilized in Illinois. This project reviewed CIR and FDR projects identified by the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) from the Transportation Bulletin and provided comments on pavement designs and special provisions. The researchers evaluated the performance of existing CIR/FDR projects through pavement condition surveys and analysis of falling weight deflectometer data collected by IDOT. They also reviewed CIR/FDR literature and updated/modified (as appropriate) previously provided inputs concerning mix design, testing procedures, thickness design, construction, and performance as well as cold central plant recycling (CCPR) literature related to design and construction. The team monitored the performance of test sections at the National Center for Asphalt Technology and Virginia Department of Transportation. The researchers assisted IDOT in the development of a CCPR special provision as well as responded to IDOT inquiries and questions concerning issues related to CIR, FDR, and CCPR. They attended meetings of IDOT’s FDR with the Cement Working Group and provided input in the development of a special provision for FDR with cement. The project’s activities confirmed that CIR, FDR, and CCPR techniques are successfully utilized in Illinois. Recommendations for improving the above-discussed techniques are provided.

ANALYSIS ON THE IMPOSITION OF ONLINE REKLAME TAX ACCORDING TO LAW NUMBER 28 OF 2009

This research about the imposition of online billboard tax as reviewed from article 49 of law number 28 of 2009 concerning regional taxes and regional retribution. The research discusses tax imposition arrangements tax-based advertisements online on the Internet and social media as well as the legal implications of not being regulated as the basis for tax-based advertisements online the internet and social media. Because there are differences in tax treatment between the implementation of conventional advertisements with the based advertisements online. Conventional advertisements are taxed in accordance with the Regional Tax and Retribution Law. However, unlike the case with the advertisement on the internet and social media. This research uses normative juridical research. The approaches that are using are statute approach and conceptual approach. By using this approach can find online advertisements tax imposition arrangements tax based advertisements online on the Internet and social media as well as the legal implications of not being regulated the basis for tax based advertisements online the internet and social media. Based on this research of results, there are several provisions such as the Law on General Provisions and Tax Procedures, Act Income Tax and also the act of Value Added tax. However, conceptually, it is still unable to reach in detail the implementation of the tax based advertisements online. So that a legal vacuum, legal uncertainty in tax imposition and the gap in the value of justice in tax imposition. Based on this, it should be the Government strengthening the Laws and Regulations relating to Taxation. Then, collaborate with other government agencies in the field of communication and information technology. There is a need for a special provision that can accommodate the imposition of this online-based advertisement tax which is carried out through social media and the internet.

REPLACEMENT OF A SUSPENDED SENTENCE WITH ACTUAL IMPRISONMENT IN CASES OF CRIMES IN THE FIELD OF BUSINESS AND OTHER ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

The article deals with the possibility of abolishing the conditional sentence for real imprisonment forpersons who have committed so-called entrepreneurial crimes. The theme is of particular relevance at thebeginning of 2021, so as only legal replacement of conditional imprisonment for real has become one of themost discussed in the press in connection with the detention of media policy, calling himself the opposition ofRussia. At the beginning of the study, the author defines the system-forming features of the category “crimesin the sphere of entrepreneurial and other economic activities”. Further, the procedural and substantiveaspects of the replacement of a suspended sentence are considered. The author comes to the conclusionthat it is possible to apply, by analogy, the criminal procedure legislation regulating the procedural issues ofreplacing punishments that are not related to deprivation of liberty with a more severe type of punishmentdue to the lack of a special provision in the penal enforcement legislation on the possibility of forciblybringing and detaining a person conditionally convicted if there are grounds for assigning a real punishment.The author also considers the content component of such a category of cases and comes to the conclusionthat a systematic approach is necessary when issuing a relevant judicial act on the actual anti-legal postcriminal behavior of a convicted person.

A Low gate count reconfigurable architecture for biomedical signal processing applications

A new reconfigurable architecture for biomedical applications is presented in this paper. The architecture targets frequently encountered functions in biomedical signal processing algorithms thereby replacing multiple dedicated accelerators and reports low gate count. An optimized implementation is achieved by mapping methodologies to functions and limiting the required memory leading directly to an overall minimization of gate count. The proposed architecture has a simple configuration scheme with special provision for handling feedback. The effectiveness of the architecture is demonstrated on an FPGA to show implementation schemes for multiple DSP functions. The architecture has gate count of $$\approx$$ ≈ 25k and an operating frequency of 46.9 MHz.

Shackles and Chains: Some Concluding Thoughts

Many of the themes running through this book have parallels today, associated with stigma, austerity, deaths from preventable causes, and under-provision of services from which mentally unwell people could benefit. Metaphorical shackles and chains link then and now. At the beginning of the war, speculation and hope that victory would be within easy reach informed asylum planning. Decisions justifiable on that basis, but without compensatory adjustments later in the war, created harsher asylum regimes. Public support and special provision for mentally disturbed soldiers was heartening, but it highlighted the undignified standards of care provided for mentally disturbed civilians. Despite the problems in the asylums, there were also many dedicated and kind staff. Kindness was assumed so it was not noteworthy: it usually only came to light incidental to some other matter.

Foliar anatomy of ten genotypes of the plant Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae)

Introduction: Cassava Manihot esculenta (Crantz) is a perennial shrub native to South America that is an essential source of carbohydrates for more than 600 million people in tropical countries. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe and compare the leaf blade anatomy of ten genotypes of cassava. Methods: The methodology for anatomical descriptions was processed and 30 leaves of each of the varieties were included and sectioned according to paraffin impregnation protocols. Results: The results showed that the leaf blade anatomical structure of all the varieties in general terms show differences. All varieties had monostratified epidermis, leaf mesophyll consisted of a palisade parenchyma in a single layer and multiple layers of spongy parenchyma. Polyphenolic idioblasts were observed immersed in the palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma. Between 3-7 xylem ribs with their respective phloem were found in the midrib in almost all varieties. Trichomes were only found in two varieties (NAT31-ECU72) and leaves were all hipostomatic. Conclusions: The results reveal that NAT31 is the material with the most anatomically marked differences (i.e. presence of trichomes, papillary cell, and, on the adaxial face, special provision in the arrangement of stomata and epicuticle wax patterns), characteristics that might be related to pest resistance.