cynanchum auriculatum
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Peng Zhu ◽  
Jian-Xiang Yu ◽  
Ke-Xin Wu ◽  
Qin-Yi Xu ◽  
Yi-Jun Kang ◽  
...  

Abstract Baishouwu (Cynanchum auriculatum) is a kind of critical Chinese herbal medicine. However, compared with the studies of other Chinese herbal medicines, the screening study on the reference genes of C. auriculatum is still the blank. Deterioration of the natural environment severely affects the growth and development of C. auriculatum. This study screened and identified suitable reference genes of C. auriculatum under various stress conditions. Based on qRT-PCR, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder were used for the expression stability evaluation of 12 potential reference genes from C. auriculatum. The ranking table showed that optimal reference genes included EF2 and SAMDC (heat stress), CYP and TUB-β (cold stress), TUB-α and GAPDH (drought stress), SAMDC and TUB-α (waterlogging stress), along with EF2 and ACT7 (salt stress). These results also demonstrated that under different abiotic stresses, suitable reference genes of plants should be selected for qRT-PCR analysis.


2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sae Hyun Lee ◽  
Jiseok Kim ◽  
Hyun-Seung Park ◽  
HyunJin Koo ◽  
Nomar Espinosa Waminal ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Cynanchum wilfordii (Cw) and Cynanchum auriculatum (Ca) have long been used in traditional medicine and as functional food in Korea and China, respectively. They have diverse medicinal functions, and many studies have been conducted, including pharmaceutical efficiency and metabolites. Especially, Cw is regarded as the most famous medicinal herb in Korea due to its menopausal symptoms relieving effect. Despite the high demand for Cw in the market, both species are cultivated using wild resources with rare genomic information. Results We collected 160 Cw germplasm from local areas of Korea and analyzed their morphological diversity. Five Cw and one Ca of them, which were morphologically diverse, were sequenced, and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) and complete plastid genome (plastome) sequences were assembled and annotated. We investigated the genomic characteristics of Cw as well as the genetic diversity of plastomes and nrDNA of Cw and Ca. The Cw haploid nuclear genome was approximately 178 Mbp. Karyotyping revealed the juxtaposition of 45S and 5S nrDNA on one of 11 chromosomes. Plastome sequences revealed 1226 interspecies polymorphisms and 11 Cw intraspecies polymorphisms. The 160 Cw accessions were grouped into 21 haplotypes based on seven plastome markers and into 108 haplotypes based on seven nuclear markers. Nuclear genotypes did not coincide with plastome haplotypes that reflect the frequent natural outcrossing events. Conclusions Cw germplasm had a huge morphological diversity, and their wide range of genetic diversity was revealed through the investigation with 14 molecular markers. The morphological and genomic diversity, chromosome structure, and genome size provide fundamental genomic information for breeding of undomesticated Cw plants.


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7065
Author(s):  
Lu Wang ◽  
Fujie Cai ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Jinli Tian ◽  
Degang Kong ◽  
...  

Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight. (CA), Cynanchum bungei Decne. (CB) and Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsl. (CW) are three close species belonging to the Asclepiadaceous family, and their dry roots as the bioactive part have been revealed to exhibit anti-tumor, neuroprotection, organ protection, reducing liver lipid and blood lipid, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. Until 2021, phytochemistry investigations have uncovered 232 compounds isolated from three species, which could be classified into C21-steroids, acetophenones, terpenoids, and alkaloids. In this review, the morphology characteristics, species identification, and the relationship of botany, extraction, and the separation of chemical constituents, along with the molecular mechanism and pharmacokinetics of bioactive constituents of three species, are summarized for the first time, and their phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical safety are also updated. Moreover, the direction and limitation of current research on three species is also discussed.


Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 925
Author(s):  
Xing Zhen ◽  
Hack Sun Choi ◽  
Ji-Hyang Kim ◽  
Su-Lim Kim ◽  
Ren Liu ◽  
...  

In the complex tumor microenvironment, cancer stem cells (CSCs), a rare population of cells, are responsible for malignant tumor initiation, metastasis, drug resistance and recurrence. Controlling breast CSCs (BCSCs) using natural compounds is a novel potential therapeutic strategy for clinical cancer treatment. In this study, a mammosphere assay-guided isolation protocol including silica gel, a C18 column, gel filtration, and high-pressure liquid chromatography was used to isolate an inhibitory compound from Cynanchum auriculatum extracts. The isolated inhibitory compound was identified as caudatin. Caudatin inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation, mammosphere formation and tumor growth. Caudatin decreased the CD44+/CD24− and aldehyde dehydrogenase+ cell proportions and the levels of c-Myc, Oct4, Sox2, and CD44. Caudatin induced ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent glucocorticoid receptor (GR) degradation and blocked subsequent Yes-associated protein (YAP) nuclear accumulation and target gene transcription signals in BCSCs. These results show that the GR/YAP signaling pathway regulates BCSC formation and that caudatin may be a potential chemopreventive agent that targets breast cancer cells and CSCs.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Li-Zhou Hong ◽  
Min-Feng Gu ◽  
Cheng-Dong Wu ◽  
Gen Zhang

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1337-1343
Author(s):  
Cheng‐Dong Wu ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Ming‐Tao He ◽  
Min‐Feng Gu ◽  
Mei Lin ◽  
...  

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