Legal challenges and applications in Indonesia

The challenge and application of law in Indonesia is to find the relevance of the thoughts of academics, researchers, and policymakers in the Jokowi era, which is the core objective of this study. We believe that from applying the law in a country is the key to the success of leadership supported by academic thinking and government or public policymaking. For this reason, we have reviewed many of the findings of scientific studies that we have summarized from various scientific and practitioner points of view and also various views from different countries, all of which we found in various legal journal applications, books, and also websites for democracy and justice and justice. Before presenting this data as findings, we first answer high-quality questions. We have used a phenomenological approach to get the cellular data, then we have done high echolocation, coding systems, and concluding. Based on the findings of the study data and its discussion, we can summarize that the challenges of legal application in Indonesia can be seen from the irrelevance between the thoughts of academics, experts in this field, and the decision-making governments in enforcing the law in Indonesia.

Prosodic Phrasing and Syllable Prominence in Spoken Prose. A Validated Coding Manual

Current systems for predicting prosodic prominence and boundaries in texts focus on syntax/semantic-based automatic decoding of sentences that need to be annotated syntactically (Atterer & Klein 2002; Windmann et al. 2011). However, to date, there is no phonetically validated replicable system for manually coding prosodic boundaries and syllable prominence in longer sentences or texts. Based on work in the fields of metrical phonology (Liberman & Prince 1977), phrase formation (Hayes 1989) and existing pause coding systems (Gee and Grosjean 1983), we developed a manual for coding prosodic boundaries (with 6 degrees of juncture) and syllable prominence (8 degrees). Three independent annotators applied the coding system to the beginning pages of four German novels and to four short stories (20 058 syllables, Fleiss kappa .82). For the phonetic validation, eight professional speakers read the excerpts of the novels aloud. We annotated the speech signal automatically with MAUS (Schiel 1999). Using PRAAT (Boersma & Weenink 2019), we extracted pitch, duration, and intensity for each syllable, as well as several phonetic parameters for pauses, and compared all measures obtained to the theoretically predicted levels of syllable prominence and prosodic boundary strength. The validation with the speech signal shows that our annotation system reliably predicts syllable prominence and prosodic boundaries. Since our annotation works with plain text, there are many potential applications of the coding system, covering research on prose rhythm, synthetic speech and (psycho)linguistic research on prosody.

Reliability and Validity of Behavior Observation Coding Systems in Child Maltreatment Risk Evaluation: A Systematic Review

Performing child maltreatment risk assessments is a challenging task that calls for valid and reliable measures. In child protection proceedings, mental health professionals conduct maltreatment assessments that often form an important basis for judicial decision making. Because parent–child interaction is a key construct in maltreatment risk evaluations, observational assessment measures are crucial. This systematic review aims to identify observational coding systems of parent–child interaction that are applicable for psychological evaluations of the risk of child maltreatment. The goal is to examine the potential of observational coding systems to discriminate behavior of parents who have versus have not engaged in child maltreatment. A systematic literature search led to the inclusion of 13 studies published in the United States and Europe that were then analyzed in detail. Across the 13 studies, this review identified 11 unique observational coding systems. Results are summarized systematically for study characteristics and outcomes. Additionally, the main characteristics of the observational coding systems are identified and analyzed, including the age range of the child, observation tasks, measured constructs, and reliability. The discussion focuses on the strengths and weaknesses of the individual observational coding systems in the context of child maltreatment risk assessments.

What linguistics advice on teaching English as a foreign language learning using blended learning system

Although many studies on blended have been done, very few have studied what linguists advise about teaching English as a foreign language using blended learning-based teaching methods and systems. So, we have collected as much data as possible and began to study it with a phenomenological approach. We get the data by searching electronic engines in well-known journals that discuss the issue of Learning English with a blended teaching system. Because this is a data review study, we focus on the field data evidence published between 2010 and 2021. The data sources include Elsevier journal publications, Google Books, Sage, ERIC, and other national publications. After a series of studies involving in-depth evaluation and coding systems, we can finally conclude our findings with valid and reliable principles, which include, among other things, that mixed teaching allows students to learn all English skills, including writing, listening, speaking, and reading. It is divided into face-to-face and online stages, and both practices listening well to each other, and they can balance the two learning models.

UNIFICATION OF THE CODING SYSTEM TEXTILE PRODUCTS

One of the ways to achieve the required level of quality of industrial products and, consequently, to increase the competitiveness of Russian manufacturers is to implement the task of optimising and unifying the nomenclature of products produced by enterprises. However, at present, due to the differences in the classification and coding systems of consumer products at the corresponding stages of its life cycle, there are problems with the unification of the nomenclature of industrial products, including textiles, since textile and light industry enterprises, trade organisations and customs authorities each use their own classification of these types of products. The paper analyses the functional capabilities of the currently existing coding systems for textile products, and also proposes and implements a method for matrix coding of textile products on the range of geosynthetic materials produced. In addition, the possibility of combining matrix coding of products with information about its manufacturer and quality in the framework of a two-dimensional barcode is shown.

Application of a global age-coding system (“WRP”), based on molts and plumages, for use in demographic and other studies of birds

Determination of a bird’s age or cohort is critical for studies on avian demography, occurrence patterns, behavior, and conservation management. Age designations have largely been developed in north-temperate regions and utilize calendar-based or seasonally based codes; however, in tropical regions and in the southern hemisphere, these coding systems have limited utility at best. To address these issues, we had previously devised the “WRP system,” based on the nomenclature of Humphrey and Parkes (H–P) and Howell et al., which defines molts in an evolutionary context applicable to birds globally. Here we refine and build upon core concepts and definitions of the WRP coding system, resolving key limitations that were identified during its first decade of use. The WRP system employs a three-letter alpha code in which each letter describes a different aspect of H–P terminology: the molt cycle (which informs a bird’s age) and molt and plumage status within the cycle (each of which can also inform age). Here we recommend the continued use of most of the original (“core”) WRP coding while augmenting the system with an optional adjunct-code entry for comprehensiveness, clarity, and flexibility, and we clarify a few additional codes to cover less common molting and plumage strategies. For most users, from 7 to 13 core and 1 adjunct WRP code will be sufficient to describe all plumages and provide molt status and ages for demographic studies or other purposes. The revised WRP system is flexible enough to be adapted to the specific goals of programs while also providing core codes that can facilitate the comparison of avian age, molt, and plumage status on a global basis. We anticipate that our revised and standardized version of the WRP system will be easily adopted and could eventually replace calendar-based and seasonally based coding.

Malicious Node Identification in Coded Distributed Storage Systems under Pollution Attacks

In coding-based distributed storage systems (DSSs), a set of storage nodes (SNs) hold coded fragments of a data unit that collectively allow one to recover the original information. It is well known that data modification (a.k.a. pollution attack) is the Achilles’ heel of such coding systems; indeed, intentional modification of a single coded fragment has the potential to prevent the reconstruction of the original information because of error propagation induced by the decoding algorithm. The challenge we take in this work is to devise an algorithm to identify polluted coded fragments within the set encoding a data unit and to characterize its performance. To this end, we provide the following contributions: (i) We devise MIND (Malicious node IdeNtification in DSS), an algorithm that is general with respect to the encoding mechanism chosen for the DSS, it is able to cope with a heterogeneous allocation of coded fragments to SNs, and it is effective in successfully identifying polluted coded fragments in a low-redundancy scenario; (ii) We formally prove both MIND termination and correctness; (iii) We derive an accurate analytical characterization of MIND performance (hit probability and complexity); (iv) We develop a C++ prototype that implements MIND to validate the performance predictions of the analytical model. Finally, to show applicability of our work, we define performance and robustness metrics for an allocation of coded fragments to SNs and we apply the results of the analytical characterization of MIND performance to select coded fragments allocations yielding robustness to collusion as well as the highest probability to identify actual attackers.

Informal caregivers and psychosocial support: Analysis of European Dementia Policy documents

Various countries in Europe have different strategies for promoting care solutions for dementia challenges. The different approaches of Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Gibraltar, Ireland, Israel, Malta, Nederland, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom (Scotland and Wales) were investigated. Dementia has a significant social, psychological and economic impact on the individual, family and society. As the disease progresses dementia sufferers become increasingly dependent. As many dementia sufferers are at home during the initial stages, the physical, emotional, and social demands of the dementia sufferers are often covered by informal caregivers. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the integration of psychosocial interventions for comprehensive care pertaining to informal caregivers of people with dementia in Europe. Furthermore, the study will highlight how implementation of technologies might enable psychosocial support of informal caregivers. The data is based on 15 national dementia strategies from various European countries. Data was based on preexisting coding systems with the predefined keywords and analyzed by qualitative content analysis by four of the authors. Our results show that psychosocial support is provided in various modalities and that informal caregivers need to be supported by a psychosocial approach. Due to this need the national dementia strategies should include measures to reduce the emotional burden of informal caregivers. Psychosocial support provided to informal caregivers in a comprehensive and systematic way is likely to enable informal caregivers to handle the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral consequences of the disease and its treatment, while helping to maintain their work-life balance.

Significance of forms and foci of metacognitive regulation in collaborative science learning of less and more successful outcome groups in diverse contexts

This study investigated how metacognitive regulation (MR), especially its forms and foci, was manifested in less and more successful outcome groups’ collaborative science learning in diverse learning contexts. Whilst previous research has shown that different forms and foci of MR exist in collaborative learning, their role in groups’ learning outcomes remains unexplored. Drawing conclusions from different studies has been difficult because these have used different conceptualisations and analytic methods. In the present study, the learning processes of less and more successful outcome groups from three diverse collaborative science learning contexts were scrutinised. The contexts differed in academic level, disciplinary subject, and national culture. The same theory-based conceptualisations, coding systems, coders, and analyses were used across contexts. In addition, the tasks studied were designed using the same guiding principles. Transcribed video and audio recordings of the groups’ verbal interactions for two distinct interaction segments from these tasks formed the basis of the analyses. Manifestation of forms and foci of MR were quantitatively and qualitatively illustrated in each context. The main findings show that the manifestation of MR of less and more successful outcome groups demonstrated similarities and differences in the three different learning contexts. This study contributes to a contextualised understanding of MR in collaborative science learning, and highlights the importance of using similar, rigorous analytical tools across diverse contexts.

Low Frequency of Human Papillomavirus in Strictly Site-Coded Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Using the Latest NHI/SEER-ICD Systems: A Pilot Observational Study and Critical Review

The aim of this study was to evaluate HPV status in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), as coded by the latest classifications and applying a combination of detection methods used in clinical practice. Forty-two patients with suspect OSCC were consecutively recruited. Patients underwent an incisional biopsy for histological OSCC diagnosis and HPV identification by PCR DNA and p16 IHC. All lesions were coded by the latest ICD-0-3.2 site/histology classifications, as proposed for OSCC by the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Programs. Moreover, a comparative analysis review, critically evaluated by the same site-coded systems and HPV detection methods, was performed. In 40 confirmed cases of OSCC, the frequency of HPV infection was 10% (4/40). Among positive patients, two cases were PCR DNA/p16 IHC positive (high-risk HPV 51, high-risk HPV 67), two cases were PCR DNA positive/p16 IHC negative (high-risk HPV 31 + 68, high-risk HPV 66). Applying the latest site coding systems for OSCC, the frequency of HPV infection in this study and in similar, reviewed investigations was low (from 3.3% to 12.5%). These results suggested no significant HPV role in oral carcinogenesis, particularly where an updated site-coded classification of OSCCs (categorically excluding the base of the tongue) had been performed.