Efficient Estimate of Low-Frequency Words’ Embeddings Based on the Dictionary: A Case Study on Chinese

Obtaining high-quality embeddings of out-of-vocabularies (OOVs) and low-frequency words is a challenge in natural language processing (NLP). To efficiently estimate the embeddings of OOVs and low-frequency words, we propose a new method that uses the dictionary to estimate the embeddings of OOVs and low-frequency words. More specifically, the explanatory note of an entry in dictionaries accurately describes the semantics of the corresponding word. Naturally, we adopt the sentence representation model to extract the semantics of the explanatory note and regard the semantics as the embedding of the corresponding word. We design a new sentence representation model to encode sentences to extract the semantics from the explanatory notes of entries more efficiently. Based on the assumption that the higher quality of word embeddings will lead to better performance, we design an extrinsic experiment to evaluate the quality of low-frequency words’ embeddings. The experimental results show that the embeddings of low-frequency words estimated by our proposed method have higher quality. In addition, both intrinsic and extrinsic experiments show that our proposed sentence representation model can represent the semantics of sentences well.

An exceedance probability of the influence in the Building Code

Во всем мире на картах сейсмической опасности приводятся наиболее вероятные значения сейсмических воздействий. В соответствии с допустимым риском эти значения могут быть увеличены. Например, в международных нормах для расчета сейсмостойкости радиационно-опасных объектов наиболее вероятные значения ускорений увеличиваются на величину стандартного отклонения. В отечественных строительных нормах предполагается использование наиболее вероятных значений. Считается, что вследствие различных факторов расчеты воздействий сопровождаются некоторыми погрешностями, вследствие чего оценки воздействий могут быть завышены на 10, 5 и 1% для карт ОСР А, В и С соответственно. Эти оценки были существенно увеличены при округлении оценок интенсивности до целочисленных значений баллов. Однако в пояснительной записке это не было отражено. Поэтому вместо 10, 5 и 1% для карт ОСР А, В и С следуют значения 50, 45 и 41% соответственно. Поскольку баллы нельзя непосредственно использовать в инженерных расчетах, согласно строительным нормам, производится пересчет баллов в ускорения по шкале MSK-64. Однако, еще создатели шкалы MSK-64 b карт ОСР и шкалы MSK-64 указывали, что шкала занижает оценки ускорений примерно в полтора раза. Причина – в шкале MSK-64 приводятся не реальные, а фильтрованные значения. Во время создания этой шкалы основная масса зданий имела не более 5 этажей. Фильтрацией удалялись низкочастотные составляющие, неопасные для существующих зданий. Цель работы – оценить реальную вероятность превышения уровня воздействий при расчетах сейсмостойкости зданий и сооружений. Методы исследования – анализ процедур оценки расчетных воздействий с использованием карт ОСР и строительных норм. Результаты работы – показано, что нормативный уровень ускорений при расчетах сейсмостойкости более, чем в два раза ниже реальных значений All over the world, the most probable values of seismic impacts are shown on seismic hazard maps. According to the acceptable risk, these values can be increased. In domestic building codes, it is customary to use the most likely values. It is believed that due to various factors, the impact calculations are accompanied by some errors, as a result of which the impact estimates may be overstated by 10, 5 and 1% for the general SRF maps A, B and C, respectively. However, these estimates were significantly increased when rounding the intensity estimates to integer values of the scores. However, this was not reflected in the explanatory note. Since the points cannot be directly used in engineering calculations, according to the building codes, the points are converted into accelerations on the MSK-64 scale. However, even the creators of the OSR maps and the MSK-64 scale indicated that the scale underestimates the acceleration estimates by about one and a half times. The Aim of the workis to assess the real probability of exceeding the impact level when calculating the seismic resistance of buildings and structures. Research methods - analysis of procedures for assessing calculated impacts using SRF maps and building codes. Results of the work - it is shown that the standard level of accelerations in the calculations of seismic resistance is more than twice lower than the real values.

Technology of individual educational routes in the lyceum-university system

Актуальность статьи обусловлена недостаточностью исследований по персонализации естественнонаучного образования в современных условиях цифровой дидактики. Анализируются теоретические основы и условия персонализации образовательного процесса посредством проектирования и реализации индивидуальных образовательных маршрутов в системе «лицей-университет». На основе персонализированного подхода разработана четырехэтапная технология их проектирования. Выявлены и проверены педагогические условия реализации индивидуальных образовательных маршрутов в естественнонаучном образовании в системе «лицей-университет» на примере обучения химии. Опытно-экспериментальная работа проводилась в интегрированной образовательной системе «IT-лицей – профильные институты Казанского федерального университета» на протяжении пяти лет. Все спроектированные и реализованные в данном исследовании индивидуальные образовательные маршруты одаренных обучающихся структурно содержали пояснительную записку и шесть разделов: психолого-педагогическую диагностику, расписание занятий на каждую учебную неделю, комплекс мероприятий по работе с обучающимися, матрицы взаимодействия, ежегодное тематическое планирование, итоги и достижения обучающихся. Статья предназначена для педагогов образовательных учреждений разного уровня. The relevance of the article is due to the lack of research on the personalization of natural science education in the modern conditions of digital didactics. The theoretical foundations and conditions of personalization of the educational process through the design and implementation of individual educational routes in the «lyceum-university» system are considered. Based on a personalized approach, a four-stage technology for their design has been developed. The pedagogical conditions for the implementation of individual educational routes in natural science education in the «lyceum-university» system are identified and tested on the example of studying chemistry. Experimental work was carried out in the integrated educational system "IT-Lyceum – specialized institutes of Kazan Federal University" for five years. All the individual educational routes of gifted students designed and implemented in this study structurally contained an explanatory note and six sections: psychological and pedagogical diagnostics, a schedule of classes for each academic week, a set of measures for working with students, interaction matrices, annual thematic planning, results and achievements of students. The article is intended for teachers of educational institutions of different levels.

TRAINING RUSSIAN SPECIALISTS TO APPLY GREEN STANDARDS

This article discusses the features of the application of international "green" standards in Russian practice. In addition, the features of Russian "green" standards are considered and a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences of the five "green" standards is carried out (BREEAM, LEED, DGNB, "Green standards", STO NOSTROY). The experience of application in Russian project activities has been studied. Moreover, the article presents the results of a scientific and practical experiment, which is carried out as part of a scientific research. The experiment involves 15 senior students, 3 experts in various "green" standards. As part of the thesis, each student conducted a training assessment of his object, designed as part of the diploma qualification work, according to one of the proposed "green" standards. Further, the result of the work is included in the form of an additional and independent section in the Explanatory Note to the diploma. In result, the main difficulties in the application of "green" standards are identified, conclusions are drawn on their positive impact on the design process. The relevance of possessing knowledge in the field of application of international "green" standards is noted, as well as ways of smooth implementation of the basic principles of "green" standards in the design practice of Russian architects are proposed.

The role of the Explanatory Note in the Accounting Statements

The article is devoted to the issues of changing accounting statements in accordance with the requirements of regulatory legal acts in the field of accounting. The role of the explanatory note in the accounting statements is shown.

SPECIFICITY OF FORMING AND ENRICHING THE TERMINOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF THE CONSTRUCTION LANGUAGE FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES (BASED ON TEXTS OF THE EXPLANATORY NOTE TO THE PROJECT)

Objective of the article is to consider the question of the origin, formation, and enrichment of the terminological system of the construction language for specific purposes. The article analyzes the ways of formation and development of the terminological system of the lexical subsystem, as well as the classification of lexical and semantic ways of term formation. The following tasks were defined: to consider the formation of a terminological system in the construction language for specific purposes, to determine the place of the term system in the language subsystem, to identify lexical and semantic ways of word formation in the construction term system. Applied methods . The article applies linguistic and structural methods and semantic analysis of authentic texts of the explanatory notes to the projects. The relevance of the presented research lies in the need to specify ways to form and enrich the ontological base of construction texts for their application in applied and theoretical linguistics. Results . The study analyzed and identified the main ways of developing the lexical subsystem of the construction ontology: terminologization of words in common language, metaphorization, metonymization, narrowing of meaning. Conclusions . The presented classification of semantic derivation of lexical units based on the analysis of authentic texts of explanatory notes can be used in the development of tools for analyzing the term systems of the construction language for specific purposes, creating dictionaries of terms, databases and information nodes of the virtual learning environment for both specialists and students in construction specialties.