Web Scraping or Web Crawling: State of Art, Techniques, Approaches and Application

Web scraping or web crawling refers to the procedure of automatic extraction of data from websites using software. It is a process that is particularly important in fields such as Business Intelligence in the modern age. Web scrapping is a technology that allow us to extract structured data from text such as HTML. Web scrapping is extremely useful in situations where data isn’t provided in machine readable format such as JSON or XML. The use of web scrapping to gather data allows us to gather prices in near real time from retail store sites and provide further details, web scrapping can also be used to gather intelligence of illicit businesses such as drug marketplaces in the darknet to provide law enforcement and researchers valuable data such as drug prices and varieties that would be unavailable with conventional methods. It has been found that using a web scraping program would yield data that is far more thorough, accurate, and consistent than manual entry. Based on the result it has been concluded that Web scraping is a highly useful tool in the information age, and an essential one in the modern fields. Multiple technologies are required to implement web scrapping properly such as spidering and pattern matching which are discussed. This paper is looking into what web scraping is, how it works, web scraping stages, technologies, how it relates to Business Intelligence, artificial intelligence, data science, big data, cyber securityو how it can be done with the Python language, some of the main benefits of web scraping, and what the future of web scraping may look like, and a special degree of emphasis is placed on highlighting the ethical and legal issues. Keywords: Web Scraping, Web Crawling, Python Language, Business Intelligence, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Cloud Computing, Cybersecurity, legal, ethical.

THE ROLE OF COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL MARKETS IN THE FOOD SECURITY SYSTEM

The relevance of the role of cooperative organizations in the development of regional agricultural markets in the food security system of the Russian Federation is determined by a special degree of state priority in the system of providing the population with food products guaranteed at any time. The main place in ensuring food security is occupied by functioning organizational and economic forms of producers of agro-food products. Agricultural organizations and enterprises, peasants and farmers, individual entrepreneurs and rural farmsteads are directly involved in the creation of food funds in Russia. The author analyzes the level of participation of different organizational and legal groups in the cultivation of agricultural products, argues for the need to activate the innovative activities of agricultural organizations and enterprises, more qualified inclusion of cooperative principles in the production activities of cooperative societies in the development of agriculture, increasing the production of agricultural products by agricultural organizations, rural farmsteads and farmers, their share in the growth of economic efficiency, improving the competitiveness of agricultural producers, improving living conditions in rural areas

Objective and subjective nature of transformations in translation of a literary text

This article is dedicated to the analysis of objective and subjective nature of translation transformations. The research relies on the biographical novels “Anastasia: The Riddle of Anna Anderson” and “Isadora: A Sensational Life” by Peter Kurth and their translations into the Russian language. Research methodology employs the methods of descriptive and comparative analysis. The goal lies in examination of the various types of translation modifications (substitution, inversion, addition, and omission) for determining the inevitable changes in the sentences with syntactic structure on the one hand, and the results of individual approach of the  translators fluent in Russian and English on the other hand. The novelty consists in the analysis of syntactic modifications, taking into account various extralinguistic factors within the framework of a particular genre of fiction literature – biographical novel characterized by a special degree of expressiveness. In is established that in literary translation all transformations can be divided into two groups: objective and subjective. Objective transformations are the result of differences in the formal and semantic systems of the English and Russian languages, while subjective modifications help to express the degree of likelihood of the event, as well as the emotional state or attitude of the characters to the events, people, or things. The acquired conclusions contribute to further study of the role of syntactic transformations in the literary translation from English into Russian, as well as can be used in preparation of specialists who study English at the lectures and seminars on the relevant topics of emotive syntax and literary translation.

Latin Literature

These have been good years for Ennius perennis. A couple of years on from his Loeb renewal, two superb books keep the lifeblood pulsing. Ennius’ Annals. Poetry and History, edited by Cynthia Damon and Joseph Farrell, is a masterclass of a conference volume. The lucid introduction, a sort of ‘Whither Ennius?’, powerfully situates it in the receding wake of Otto Skutsch's monumental edition and the fresher waves of Ennius and the Architecture of the Annals, Jackie Elliott's powerful challenge to ‘Virgiliocentric’ reconstructions of this fragmentary text. As those studies made plain enough in their different ways, reception and interpretation of the Annals are interlocked to a special degree, and the fourteen chapters in this book (plus afterword by Mary Jaeger) roam nicely around and between both.

What competences make translation teachers happy?

The study is conditioned by the lack of systematic training for translation teachers both in Russia and in foreign countries. To improve the quality of preparing translators, it is necessary to determine the basic principles of training those who teach them, i.e. translation teachers. The study aims at describing a set of competences that a translation teacher should have. To attain this end, the authors used the following methods: a literature overview on the training of translation teachers; the analysis of prominent works containing theoretical provisions that contribute to the development of basic principles for training translation teachers; a questionnaire survey of translation teachers in the Russian universities. The survey has demonstrated that about half of translation teachers have a special degree in translation, while the other half have only a philological degree. Teachers of both categories have not mastered translation didactics. Philology teachers often do not have sufficient translation experience and have a poor command of translation theory. Thus, modern translation teachers do not have a special set of competences that would allow them to effectively train future translators. As a result, a model of the competences of a translation teacher was proposed, including three blocks: professional translation competences, general and special didactic competences. Thus, the scientific novelty of the research lies in the formulation of strict requirements for the training of translation teachers.

Transformations of the Language of Diplomatic Correspondence between the Entente Countries and Germany before The First World War

The spheres of official communication, which include public administration, legal proceedings, legislation, etc., are regulated, in contrast to everyday communication. Activities in each of these spheres are subject to precisely defined, strictly established rules that regulate and legitimize it. The diplomatic language is characterized by a special degree of regulation. “The weight of a word” in international politics is extremely heavy, since the fate of entire states and peoples may depend on successful or unsuccessful communication between diplomats. The strict standardization of the diplomatic language should serve as a kind of deterrent against the growth of tension in international relations. The goal of this study is to identify the degree of susceptibility of the diplomatic correspondence language to transformations in the political crisis context (during wartime). The research material is based on the texts from the Orange book, a collection of diplomatic correspondence between warring countries before the outbreak of the First World War. The application of the contextual analysis method made it possible to determine the vector of changes in the diplomatic correspondence language caused by the political crisis: from restraint, emotionlessness, tact and politeness accepted in the diplomatic sphere to ultimatumness, categoricalness, manifestation of emotions and deviation from the principle of objective reflection of events.

EDUCAÇÃO ESPECIAL E LÍNGUA BRASILEIRA DE SINAIS NA FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES DO CAMPO

Special Education is the right of all students with some type of disability; global disorder or high skills / giftedness, a modality present in all stages of Brazilian schooling, from day care to universities, regardless of where the school is located. Therefore, Special Education must take place both in urban schools and in rural schools. As for the specialized educational assistance of deaf students, he must be bilingual, in Brazilian Sign Language and Portuguese Language. Thus, in this study we aim to reflect on the interface between special education and rural education with an emphasis on the inclusion of Libras as a mandatory curricular component in teacher training courses for rural teachers. In order to achieve this objective, we use a bibliographic review; documentary analysis of part of the legislation governing Special Education and a case study of a qualitative and quantitative nature of a Special Degree Course in Pedagogy of the Earth through the documentary analysis of its Political Pedagogical Project and a questionnaire applied to a sample of its students. graduates. We conclude that the inclusion of the Libras discipline in undergraduate courses represents a gain for the deaf community and the possibility of training teachers aware of its importance for the bilingual schooling of deaf students and the educational rights of these students. However, it has not proved to be sufficient to make future teachers proficient in Libras, in this sense we suggest as possibilities the increase in the course load of courses, their deepening in teaching and extension projects and we point to the need for more research in the area.

LA INVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA EN LA FORMACIÓN DE ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS

Se indagó respecto a la resistencia que tienen los estudiantes universitarios de involucrase en la actividad investigativa durante su proceso de formación universitaria. Se desarrolló una investigación de campo desde una perspectiva cualitat iva, soportada en la Fenomenología con estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, de la Universidad de Carabobo (Venezuela). Para la captura de la información se recurrió a los grupos de discusión y laobservación participante . Se organizaron cinco grupos en total, tres con siete participantes y dos con seis ; todos cursantes de las Escuelas de Administración Comercial y de Contaduría Pública . De los resultados emergió que la formación para la investigación científica, durante la carrera se efectúa a través de las asignaturas del componente de investigación . Se captó que resistencia de los estudiantes a la actividad investigativa , durante su formación universitaria está anclada a la existencia de una brecha que se ha gestado entre la actividad investigativa que desarrollan los docentes en la institución y la actividad que los estudiantes realizan en sus TEG . Los estudiantes tienen poco conocimiento respecto a la actividad científica que se desarrolla en la universidad, lo cual limita su participación e involucramiento en dichas actividades y genera cierta aprehensión y temor producto de miedos e inseguridad es, ya que la investigación se ve como algo reservado para los elegidos . Ade más, la poca motivación hacia la investigación, apareció relacionada a la experiencia vivida en las asignaturas del componente de investigación, la dinámic a y la didáctica utilizada por la mayoría de los docentes; a sí como a la desarticulación entre estas asignaturas con las asignaturas del área disciplinar . A pesar de ello los estudiantes consideraron que el ejecutar el proyecto de investigación del Trabajo Especial de Grado es relevante en su formación profesional , por su utilidad académica y su potencial para fortificar el conocimiento disciplinar.Palabras clave: Investigación en la universidad, formación en investigación, Trabajo de gradoResumoFoi pesquisado sobre a resistência dos estudantes universitários, no envolvimento das atividades de pesquisa, durante seu processo de formação universitária. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, desde a abordagem qualitativa, com base na fenomenologia, com estudantes da Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, da Universidad de Carabobo (Venezuela). A coleta de dados foi realizada com grupos de discussão e a observação participante. Foram organizados cinco grupos no total, sendo três com sete participantes e dois com seis. Todos estudantes das Escuelas de Administración Comercial y de Contaduría Pública. Os resultados apontam que a formação em pesquisa científica, durante a graduação, acontece por meio dos conteúdos das disciplinas de pesquisa. Os dados apontam que a resistência dos estudantes à atividade de pesquisa durante a sua formação universitária está associada à existência de uma lacuna que se criou entre a atividade de pesquisa, desenvolvida pelos docentes na instituição, e a atividade que os estudantes realizam em seus Trabajo Especial de Grado (TEG). Os estudantes possuem pouco conhecimento sobre a atividade científica que se desenvolve na universidade. Este fato limita sua participação e envolvimento nessas atividades e gera certa apreensão e temor, consequência de medos e inseguranças, já que a pesquisa é entendida como algo reservado aos escolhidos. Além disso, a pouca motivação para a pesquisa apareceu relacionada à experiência vivida nas disciplinas dos conteúdos de pesquisa, a dinâmica e a didática utilizada pela maioria dos professores, assim como a desarticulação entres estas disciplinas, com as disciplinas da área disciplinar. Apesar disto, os estudantes consideram que realizar o projeto de pesquisa do TEG é relevante na sua formação profissional, por sua utilidade acadêmica e seu potencial para fortalecer o conhecimento disciplinar.Palavras-chaves: Pesquisa na Universidade; Formação em Pesquisa; Trabalho de Conclusão de CursoScientific Research in the Training of University StudentsAbstract I was investigated regarding the resistance that university students have to get involved in research activity during their university training process. A field research was developed, from a qualitative perspective, supported in Phenomenology with students from the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, from the University of Carabobo (Venezuela). Discussion groups and participant observation were used to capture the information. A total of five groups were organized, three with seven participants and two with six; all students from the Schools of Commercial Administration and Public Accounting. From the results it emerged that the training for scientific research, during the career, is carried out through the lectureships of the research component. It was noted that student resistance to research activity, during their university training, is anchored to the existence of a gap, which has arisen between the research activity carried out by professors in the institution and the activity that students carry out in their Special Degree Work. Students have little knowledge regarding the scientific activity that takes place in the university, which limits their participation and involvement in these activities and generates a certain apprehension and fear due to the unknown and insecurities, since research is seen as something reserved for the "chosen ones". Furthermore, the low motivation towards research appeared related to the experience lived in the lectureships of the research component, the dynamics and didactics used by most of the professors; as well as the disarticulation between these lectureships with the ones of the disciplinary area. Despite this, the students considered that executing the final research project of the Special Degree Work is relevant in their professional training, due to its academic usefulness and its potential to strengthen disciplinary knowledge. Keywords: Research at University, Research Training, Undergraduate work

LA INVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA EN LA FORMACIÓN DE ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS

Se indagó respecto a la resistencia que tienen los estudiantes universitarios de involucrase en la actividad investigativa durante su proceso de formación universitaria. Se desarrolló una investigación de campo desde una perspectiva cualitat iva, soportada en la Fenomenología con estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, de la Universidad de Carabobo (Venezuela). Para la captura de la información se recurrió a los grupos de discusión y laobservación participante . Se organizaron cinco grupos en total, tres con siete participantes y dos con seis ; todos cursantes de las Escuelas de Administración Comercial y de Contaduría Pública . De los resultados emergió que la formación para la investigación científica, durante la carrera se efectúa a través de las asignaturas del componente de investigación . Se captó que resistencia de los estudiantes a la actividad investigativa , durante su formación universitaria está anclada a la existencia de una brecha que se ha gestado entre la actividad investigativa que desarrollan los docentes en la institución y la actividad que los estudiantes realizan en sus TEG . Los estudiantes tienen poco conocimiento respecto a la actividad científica que se desarrolla en la universidad, lo cual limita su participación e involucramiento en dichas actividades y genera cierta aprehensión y temor producto de miedos e inseguridad es, ya que la investigación se ve como algo reservado para los elegidos . Ade más, la poca motivación hacia la investigación, apareció relacionada a la experiencia vivida en las asignaturas del componente de investigación, la dinámic a y la didáctica utilizada por la mayoría de los docentes; a sí como a la desarticulación entre estas asignaturas con las asignaturas del área disciplinar . A pesar de ello los estudiantes consideraron que el ejecutar el proyecto de investigación del Trabajo Especial de Grado es relevante en su formación profesional , por su utilidad académica y su potencial para fortificar el conocimiento disciplinar.Palabras clave: Investigación en la universidad, formación en investigación, Trabajo de gradoResumoFoi pesquisado sobre a resistência dos estudantes universitários, no envolvimento das atividades de pesquisa, durante seu processo de formação universitária. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, desde a abordagem qualitativa, com base na fenomenologia, com estudantes da Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, da Universidad de Carabobo (Venezuela). A coleta de dados foi realizada com grupos de discussão e a observação participante. Foram organizados cinco grupos no total, sendo três com sete participantes e dois com seis. Todos estudantes das Escuelas de Administración Comercial y de Contaduría Pública. Os resultados apontam que a formação em pesquisa científica, durante a graduação, acontece por meio dos conteúdos das disciplinas de pesquisa. Os dados apontam que a resistência dos estudantes à atividade de pesquisa durante a sua formação universitária está associada à existência de uma lacuna que se criou entre a atividade de pesquisa, desenvolvida pelos docentes na instituição, e a atividade que os estudantes realizam em seus Trabajo Especial de Grado (TEG). Os estudantes possuem pouco conhecimento sobre a atividade científica que se desenvolve na universidade. Este fato limita sua participação e envolvimento nessas atividades e gera certa apreensão e temor, consequência de medos e inseguranças, já que a pesquisa é entendida como algo reservado aos escolhidos. Além disso, a pouca motivação para a pesquisa apareceu relacionada à experiência vivida nas disciplinas dos conteúdos de pesquisa, a dinâmica e a didática utilizada pela maioria dos professores, assim como a desarticulação entres estas disciplinas, com as disciplinas da área disciplinar. Apesar disto, os estudantes consideram que realizar o projeto de pesquisa do TEG é relevante na sua formação profissional, por sua utilidade acadêmica e seu potencial para fortalecer o conhecimento disciplinar.Palavras-chaves: Pesquisa na Universidade; Formação em Pesquisa; Trabalho de Conclusão de CursoScientific Research in the Training of University StudentsAbstract I was investigated regarding the resistance that university students have to get involved in research activity during their university training process. A field research was developed, from a qualitative perspective, supported in Phenomenology with students from the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, from the University of Carabobo (Venezuela). Discussion groups and participant observation were used to capture the information. A total of five groups were organized, three with seven participants and two with six; all students from the Schools of Commercial Administration and Public Accounting. From the results it emerged that the training for scientific research, during the career, is carried out through the lectureships of the research component. It was noted that student resistance to research activity, during their university training, is anchored to the existence of a gap, which has arisen between the research activity carried out by professors in the institution and the activity that students carry out in their Special Degree Work. Students have little knowledge regarding the scientific activity that takes place in the university, which limits their participation and involvement in these activities and generates a certain apprehension and fear due to the unknown and insecurities, since research is seen as something reserved for the "chosen ones". Furthermore, the low motivation towards research appeared related to the experience lived in the lectureships of the research component, the dynamics and didactics used by most of the professors; as well as the disarticulation between these lectureships with the ones of the disciplinary area. Despite this, the students considered that executing the final research project of the Special Degree Work is relevant in their professional training, due to its academic usefulness and its potential to strengthen disciplinary knowledge. Keywords: Research at University, Research Training, Undergraduate work

Degree Resultatives as Second-Order Constructions

Resultatives in English and Dutch have developed special degree readings. These readings stem from a reinterpretation of the resultative predicate as indicating a high degree rather than an actual result. For example, when a parent saysI love youtodeath, one need not call the cops, since the sentence is not about love turning lethal, but merely indicative of a high degree of affection. Such cases have often been noted in the literature as idiomatic, but this view ignores the fact that these are not isolated cases but productive constructions that can be used with a variety of verbs. We explore various resultative constructions in English and Dutch, and give a classification of the subtypes involved as well as their diachronic development from ordinary to degree interpretation. We link these subtypes to lexical semantic classes of verbs. Both English and Dutch show a steady growth in the lexical and structural diversity of degree resultatives throughout the early modern and contemporary periods (1600-2000). We focus in our paper on the period 1800-2000, for which we did an extensive corpus study using the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) and Delpher (a collection of digitized Dutch newspapers, journals, magazines, and other resources). One of our findings is that, similar to other types of expressive language, such as degree modification and emphatic negation, taboo expressions play a role in degree resultatives; in fact, their role is excessive. We outline a number of the commonalities among the semantic domains of expressive language used in resultatives.