Moderate Southeast Asian Islamic Education as a Parent Culture in Deradicalization: Urgencies, Strategies, and Challenges

Radicalization is a terminological conflation of the two meanings in the context of extreme beliefs or behaviors adopted by individuals or groups as a justification for the use of violence to achieve the objectives. Since radicalization primarily emphasises on, and departures from, the understanding and cognitive processes, the role of peaceful and moderate education in this case can be effectively utilized to serve as a considerably relevant means to prevent it. In addition, radicalization is also limited by the social, political, and economic contexts of a particular region, and combined with the degree of individual autonomy in the search for identity. Accordingly, the deradicalization efforts actually necessitate the consideration of the sociopolitical culture as the basis for policy makers. It is based on the consideration that the radicalization of Islam, even though strongly characterized by transnational movement, contains local elements leading to the radicalization as occasionally random and ununiformed violence in the Muslim world. The findings suggest some valuable strategies to deconstruct the idea of radicalization that can be implemented in several ways, including building and empowering local characterization of Indonesian education of Muslims in particular and of Southeast Asian in general, and reducing the Wahhabism extreme teachings and such highly irrational and ahistorical Arabization ideas and programs in Indonesian context.

Samorecepcija mladih kao ratne generacije

The authors start from the assumption that the youth of Dalmatia during the middle 90ies did not enclose themselves within their own “world of indifference” although certain changes had taken place in the socio-cultural identity of youth in Croatia. During and after the war the tensions between parent culture and youth culture had even slackened. By researching youth the authors attempted to embrace the growing expressed plurality and the differentiality of their modes of behaviour. The comparative research aggenda covered an exceptionally wide spectre of investigated features. The authors investigated the war situation and the impact it had on the modification of thought amongst students of sociuology and groups of young people in Dalmatia (N=320). The fundamental aim of the investigation was to analyse the impact of the war situation in Croatia on the changes in selfunderstanding amongst youth. The text presents the results of survey-type sociological investigations which were carried out from 1993 to 1996 and realised in combination with different types of samples and different ways of selecting examinees. The use of the comparative method explained various interactive and similar connections such as those in parental, familial and other relationships. The authors conclude that the factors of postmodernization in Croatia did not have a strong impact on young people but that the war as a social fact played a more determinate role in creating the sense of their position which was seen as equal to the position of grow-ups. In principle, young people remain optimistic, are readier to face the challenges of life and put forward priorities in their life similar to those of young people throughout the world. They are equally demanding in regard to the questions of education and future job opportunities. Admittedly, there do exist insignificant differences in the attitudes between the sociology students and the other groups which were subjected to investigation but they do not in any essential way influence most of the empirical generalizations since we are dealing here with a selfconscious generation, relatively serious, mature and looking with optimism into the future.

Paleoeskimo Occupation History of Foxe Basin, Arctic Canada: Implications for the Core Area Model and Dorset Origins

This paper presents the first detailed record of Paleoeskimo occupation history of Foxe Basin, Nunavut, Arctic Canada, the traditional Paleoeskimo “core area.” Rather than continuous, stable occupations from approximately 4000–1000 B.P. traditionally assumed for the core area, the region has undergone a series of demographic oscillations, including several instances of abandonment of key areas, most notably Igloolik. The Foxe Basin demographic trends are reminiscent of Paleoeskimo “boom and bust” cycles recognized elsewhere, but show no consistent chronological pattern either within Foxe Basin or inter-regionally. Equally important, our results bear on the critical question of the Pre-Dorset to Dorset transition. Rather than having been a gradual in situ process centered within the core area, the demographic patterns, including the abrupt and widespread appearance of semi-subterranean dwellings during earliest Dorset, are consistent with newly arrived populations from outside of Foxe Basin. While there is no obvious “parent” culture to Dorset within the Eastern Arctic, it is suggested that a Western Arctic origin, specifically Norton Culture, invoking to some extent Jorgen Meldgaard’s “smell of the forest”, may have played a significant role.

Identification of Dehalobacter reductive dehalogenases that catalyse dechlorination of chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,1-dichloroethane

Two novel reductive dehalogenases (RDases) that are highly similar to each other but catalyse distinct dechlorination reactions were identified from Dehalobacter -containing mixed cultures. These two RDases were partially purified from crude protein extracts of anaerobic dechlorinating enrichment cultures using blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gel slices were assayed for dechlorinating activity, and associated proteins were identified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with the metagenome of the parent culture as the reference database. The two RDases identified, annotated as CfrA and DcrA, share an amino acid identity of 95.2 per cent, but use different substrates: CfrA dechlorinates chloroform (CF) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), but not 1,1-dichloroethane; DcrA dechlorinates 1,1-dichloroethane, but not CF or 1,1,1-TCA. These two novel RDases share no more than 40 per cent amino acid identity to any other known or putative RDases, but both have a twin-arginine motif and two iron–sulfur binding motifs conserved in most RDases. Peptides specific to two putative membrane anchor proteins, annotated as CfrB and DcrB, were also detected in gel slices.

Characterization of a Dehalobacter Coculture That Dechlorinates 1,2-Dichloroethane to Ethene and Identification of the Putative Reductive Dehalogenase Gene

ABSTRACT Dehalobacter and “Dehalococcoides” spp. were previously shown to be involved in the biotransformation of 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA) and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) to ethene in a mixed anaerobic enrichment culture. Here we report the further enrichment and characterization of a Dehalobacter sp. from this mixed culture in coculture with an Acetobacterium sp. Through a series of serial transfers and dilutions with acetate, H2, and 1,2-DCA, a stable coculture of Acetobacterium and Dehalobacter spp. was obtained, where Dehalobacter grew during dechlorination. The isolated Acetobacterium strain did not dechlorinate 1,2-DCA. Quantitative PCR with specific primers showed that Dehalobacter cells did not grow in the absence of a chlorinated electron acceptor and that the growth yield with 1,2-DCA was 6.9 (±0.7) × 107 16S rRNA gene copies/μmol 1,2-DCA degraded. PCR with degenerate primers targeting reductive dehalogenase genes detected three distinct Dehalobacter/Desulfitobacterium-type sequences in the mixed-parent culture, but only one of these was present in the 1,2-DCA-H2 coculture. Reverse transcriptase PCR revealed the transcription of this dehalogenase gene specifically during the dechlorination of 1,2-DCA. The 1,2-DCA-H2 coculture could dechlorinate 1,2-DCA but not 1,1,2-TCA, nor could it dechlorinate chlorinated ethenes. As a collective, the genus Dehalobacter has been show to dechlorinate many diverse compounds, but individual species seem to each have a narrow substrate range.

Evidence for Outcrossing via the Buller Phenomenon in a Substrate Simultaneously Inoculated with Spores and Mycelium of Agaricus bisporus

ABSTRACT In Agaricus bisporus, traditional cultivars and most of the wild populations belong to A. bisporus var. bisporus, which has a predominantly pseudohomothallic life cycle in which most meiospores are heterokaryons (n + n). A lower proportion of homokaryotic (n) meiospores, which typify the heterothallic life cycle, also are produced. In wild populations, pseudohomothallism was thought previously to play a major role, but recent analyses have found that significant outcrossing also may occur. We inoculated a standard substrate for A. bisporus cultivation simultaneously with homokaryotic mycelium from one parent and spores from a second parent. Culture trays produced numerous sporocarps that could theoretically have resulted from five different reproductive modes (pseudohomothallism, selfing or outcrossing via heterothallism, and selfing or outcrossing via the Buller phenomenon [i.e., between a homokaryon and a heterokaryon]). Most or all of the sporocarps resulted from outcrossing between the inoculated homokaryon and the inoculated heterokaryotic spores (or mycelia that grew from them). These data broaden our understanding of population dynamics under field conditions and provide an outcrossing method that could be used in commercial breeding programs.

Variability of uredial cultures of Puccinia graminis tritici derived from 'vegetative' axenic mycelium

Two of 26 'vegetative' axenic cultures of Puccinia graminis tritici were induced to infect wheat by the epidermal stripping and mycelial implant technique. Only one of these two cultures produced urediospores and could be propagated on wheat. The urediospores obtained from implants had poor infectivity and there was a long incubation period. Single pustule isolates varied in growth rate, colour, virulence, sporulation, pustule type, and number of nuclei per spore. The uredial cultures comprised two groups: (1) one group with dikaryotic spores which resembled the parent culture race 126-Anz-6,7, Sydney University No. 334; (2) another group with monokaryotic spores which varied widely. The variability of the uredial cultures is interpreted as evidence that the diploid nucleus of the 'vegetative' axenic cultures originated by fusion of two haploid nuclei and divided in two ways: firstly, by a reduction division that produced two haploid nuclei and reconstituted a dikaryon similar to race 126-Anz-6,7, and secondly, by a mitotic division that produced diploids, variant aneuploids, and possibly mitotic recombinants.