Chemical composition of camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk as affected by parity and seasons under pastoral production systems in north-west, Nigeria

One hundred and seven camels and twelve lactating camel cows were used in a such comprising three seasons (wet, cold-dry and hot-dry) and three purities (one, three and five). The study was conducted using a 3 x 3 factorial in a completely randomized design. Four animals were selected in each parity level and were at early stage of lactation. The calving time and health status of the animals were carefully examined before selection. Milk samples were analyzed for chemical composition. The mean chemical composition of the milk obtained indicated significantly (P<0.05) higher total solids, solid non far, far, ash and viscosity in hot-dry season, however no significant (P>0.05) difference existed in the pH and density while lactose level of milk was significantly (P<0.05) higher in cold-dry season respectively. It is concluded that there is lower fat content in camel milk compared to other dairy animals despite the feed and water challenges during hot season.

Chemical composition of camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk as affected by parity and seasons under pastoral production systems in north-west, Nigeria

One hundred and seven camels and twelve lactating camel cows were used in a study comprising three seasons (wet, cold–dry and hot–dry) and three parities (one, three and five). The study was conducted using a 3 x 3 factorial in a completely randomized design. Four animals were selected in each parity level and were at early stage of lactation. The calving time and health status of the animals were carefully examined before selection. Milk samples were analyzed for chemical composition. The mean chemical composition of the milk obtained indicated significantly (P<0.05) higher total solids, solid non fat, fat, ash and viscosity in hot–dry season, however no significant (P>0.05) difference existed in the pH and density while lactose level of milk was significantly (P<0.05) higher in cold–dry season respectively. It is concluded that there is lower fat content in camel milk compared to other dairy animals despite the feed and water challenges during hot season.

Higher parity is associated with lower mortality in a European population of women with high fertility: results from Ireland

Background Research has often found a U or J-shaped association between parity and mortality. Many researchers have suggested repeated pregnancy, childbirth and lactation taxes the body beyond a certain parity level. Available research has concentrated on populations with controlled fertility or historic populations. Ireland presents an opportunity to explore these associations in a modern sample with high fertility. Methods We use data from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) to test whether parity is associated with mortality in women aged 50 or over (n=4,177). We use Cox proportional hazards models to model survival and adjust for demographics and early life circumstances. We test whether a number of health characteristics mediate these effects. Models were also stratified by birth cohort to test possible cohort effects. Results Higher parity was associated with lower risk of mortality, even after adjustment for early life and socioeconomic circumstances. This effect was not mediated by current health characteristics. The effects were largely driven by those born between 1931 and 1950. Conclusions Increasing parity is associated with decreasing mortality risk in this sample. The effects of parity could not be explained through any of the observed health characteristics. These findings are in contrast to much of the literature on this question in similar populations. Lack of fertility control in Ireland may have ‘selected’ healthier women into high parity. Social explanations for these associations should be further explored.

Ratios of negative-to-positive parity level densities in Mo isotopes

The ratios of negative-to-positive parity level densities in ^94,96,98Mo isotopes are calculated using a microscopic formalism based on the BCS model. In this calculation, the single-particle energies are obtained with the Nilsson model. Mass number, shell and deformation effects on the parity equilibration phenomena in these isotopes are discussed in this work.

Two-Way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) of the Effect of Parity on Body Mass Index and Body Surface Area of Pregnant Women

Aims: In the determination of the effect of Parity on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Surface Area (BSA). Study Design: Pregnant Women Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Surface Area (BSA) measurements, Number were used in this study. Place and Duration of Study: The data on the various measurements on pregnant women were collected from the Radiology department of University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Methodology: The Two-way Classification Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was employed to obtain the MANOVA test statistics for Wilk’s, Pillai, Lawley-Hotelling and Roy’s Largest Root. Results: Results showed that the MANOVA test statistics for Wilk’s statistics showed no significant effect for the Parity level categorized on BMI (Factor A) and the Parity level categorized on BMI and BSA (Factor AB), while Lawley-Hotelling Root test showed no significant effect for the effect of the Parity level categorized on BSA (Factor B). However, two MANOVA test statistics (Pillai and Roy’s Largest Root statistics) gave significant effect on BMI or BSA or both (or all Factors A, B and AB). These results confirmed that the effect of the Parity level has a significant effect on BMI or BSA or both in terms of the categories (normal, overweight and obese). These results are in agreement with known results by medical practitioners.

PARITY INCOME AND DEVELOPMENT POSSIBILITIES OF FARMS IN POLAND

The article presents the importance of farm income, taking the farm’s ability to develop into account. It has been demonstrated that achieving farm income at a parity level is insufficient to determine the farm’s ability to develop. These requirements are also not met by labour income. What informs about a farm’s development ability is the ratio of farm income to conventional costs of own production factors: labour, land and capital in the form of the competitiveness index (Wk). Its value from 1 to 1.9 points to a competitive capacity and when it reaches 2 and more, it points to full competitiveness. Based on the data from farms covered by FADN monitoring in 2017, it was found that the farm area specialising in field crops and the cultivation of cereals, oilseeds and protein crops for seeds and being able to compete (to develop) was about 40 ha of utilised agricultural area (UAA), while in the case of fully competitive farms it was 106 ha. The size of farms specialising in vegetable and permanent (fruit-growing) crops and able to compete was 7 and 13 ha of UAA, respectively. The size of dairy farms able to compete was about 25 ha of UAA and 21 cows, while the size of fully competitive farms – 75 ha and 54 cows. The size of pig farms able to compete was about 25 ha of UAA and 26 sows, while the size of fully competitive farms – 40 ha of UAA and 37 sows. The size of “mixed” farms able to compete was 39 ha of UAA and, on average, 4 cows and 7 sows, while the size of fully competitive farms – 79 ha of UAA, 8 cows and 11 sows.

Socioeconomic Disparities of Facility-Based Childbirth in Indonesia

Background: In Indonesia, only 74% of women give birth in health care facilities. This study was conducted to analyze the socioeconomic disparities of facilities-based childbirth in Indonesia.Methods: The analysis in this study uses raw data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). With stratification and multistage random sampling, 17,769 women aged 15-49 years with live births in the last 5 years were sampled. Data were analyzed using a Binary Logistic Regression test.Results: Poorer women were 1.898 times more likely to use healthcare facilities for delivery than poorest women. Middle women were 2.669 times more likely to use healthcare facilities for delivery than poorest women. Richer women have 3.163 times more opportunities to use healthcare facilities for delivery than poorest women. The richest women were 6.566 times more likely to use healthcare facilities for delivery than the poorest women. Women who live in urban areas were 2.412 times more likely to use healthcare facilities for delivery than those who live in rural areas. Age, parity, level of education, ownership of health insurance, knowledge of the danger signs of pregnancy, and antenatal care, in maternity women the past five years significantly contribute to the utilization of healthcare facilities for delivery.Conclusion: There was a significant disparity between socioeconomic in utilizing healthcare facilities for delivery in Indonesia. Women with better socioeconomic status have better possibilities for utilizing healthcare facilities for delivery.