The LGBTQ+ Movement Towards Equity

This chapter will describe the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ+) movement, and the impacts on terms, laws, health, and social justice. First, this chapter will explore historical movements from the 1960s to the present day, outlining specific historical events that changed the discourse for many in LGBTQ+ communities. Next, the author will describe important terms and the changes in terminology over the years. Third, this chapter will discuss the lack of federal protection laws and identify states that have protection laws. Lastly, the author will connect state protection laws and the issues that face young students who are transgender.

Article 16: The Right to Protection of Privacy

This chapter provides a brief overview of article 16 of the UN Convention on the rights of the child and of its legislative history as outlined in the Travaux Préparatoires. It outlines the principle threats to children’s privacy today and summarizes the substantive content of Article 16, particularly in relation to the General Principles of child rights in Articles 2, 3, 6, and 12, as well as the nexus between the right to privacy and several other rights of children under the Convention as well as other international human rights instruments. It then puts forward four main attributes of the child’s right to privacy as aspects of the right which State Parties should monitor as a means of measuring the effective implementation of Article 16. The essential attributes of Article 16 and the child’s right to privacy are State protection against: (1) interference with privacy; (2) interference with family, home or correspondence; (3) unlawful attacks upon honour and reputation; and (4) protection of the law against unlawful interference or attacks.

Die öffentlichen Förderbanken in Deutschland

In recent years, public development banks have increasingly become the focus of legal policy, whether in the wake of the financial crisis or, more recently, in the wake of the Corona crisis. The work subjects the public development banks, which have so far been discussed in the legal literature at best in relation to individual issues, to a detailed legal examination, taking into account the various organizational forms and legal foundations as well as the special "business model", which is characterized by the public mandate, the state protection as well as a state influence and control. Finally, the paper deals with the application of banking supervision law to public development banks, taking into account this special business model.

Components of the factual basis to be proved for the decision on state protection of participants in criminal proceedings

The article proposes the author’s scheme for establishing the actual grounds for deciding on the state protection of participants in the criminal process. The content of this scheme consists in transferring the rules of criminal procedure evidence to the procedure under analysis. The authors implement this by supplementing the law of criminal procedure with a group of articles, one of which is devoted to the circumstances to be proved (established) for the application of the procedure of state protection of participants in criminal proceedings. Thus, the work justifies the need to establish the components of the actual basis of state protection by means of criminal procedure evidence.

Liability in the field of State protection of Ukraine

In this article, on the basis of modern legal approaches to regulating legal relations in the process of Ukraine's formation as a rule of law, its integration into the European community, reforming state structures, the issue of the state of functioning of the current institution of material responsibility of servicemen of the State Security Department of Ukraine is investigated, attention is focused on the existing shortcomings in the functioning of this type of legal liability.

ON IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICAL OFFENCES

В статье приводится юридическое обоснование необходимости государственной защиты здоровья человека. Рассмотрена необходимость разработки и практического применения актуальной криминалистической методики расследования преступлений в сфере оказания медицинской помощи. Выделены основные направления для разработки этой методики. The article provides the legal justification for the need for state protection of human health. The author considers the need for practical application of forensic methodology of investigation of crimes in the field of medical care and identifies the main areas for the development of this methodology.

Psychological support as a pivotal component of the process of social and psychological ensuring the safety of persons subject to state protection

The problem of state protection of the individual, its protection and security has a very urgent status. Ensuring personal safety in the Russian Federation is implemented by the adopted federal laws, special state programs, and other regulatory documents, which are subsequently implemented in practice by special units to ensure the safety of persons subject to state protection. When implementing the duties assigned to the security divisions of persons subject to state protection, the question of the need for psychological support in relation to the protected persons arises quite sharply. In the course of the theoretical analysis, it was concluded that the scientific problem has not been sufficiently studied as a psychological support for persons subject to state protection. The article attempts to consider a topical scientific problem in the aspect of social and psychological support. In the article, psychological support is considered as one of the basic components of social and psychological support, taking into account the peculiarities of law enforcement practice. The article analyzes the need for psychological support in relation to protected persons, highlights the main components of this area, and analyzes the psychological characteristics of the impact of psychological support on the entire process of applying state protection measures.

Victims’ Rights Looking Good on Paper — How Criminal Prosecution in Germany Fails Victims of Sexual Violence

Whether in Germany or abroad, victims of sexual violence typically played only a minor part in criminal proceedings, serving primarily as witnesses due to the widespread public and objective nature of the trial.1 This led to victim disempowerment and a paternalistic method of State protection of victims.2 During the last decades, this perception underwent major changes in European legal systems, owing to a rising awareness of victim’s needs, especially in cases of sexual violence.3 International and European conventions and treaties played a major role4 by establishing an international regulatory framework. To implement those international standards, domestic criminal laws have changed significantly on both substantive and procedural levels. Today, Germany’s criminal procedure law contains many mechanisms for protecting victims. Nevertheless, in cases of sexual violence, the implementation of these mechanisms in criminal proceedings leaves much to desire due to the affect of gender stereotypes and rape myths. This Article argues that in these cases the law in action ultimately fails to meet international requirements.

What Was Protected by the State in Vilnius and Nowogródek Voivodeships Between 1928 and 1939? Evaluation and Listing of Cultural Monuments

This article focuses on the process of monument listing, done by conservators of Vilnius in interwar Poland and which provided the monuments state protection. Between 1931 and 1939, monument conservators made 202 decisions confirming monumental value to various objects of architecture, urbanistics, archeology and nature. In the text the listing and evaluation process is described by analyzing the register of monuments and the decisions it was based on. The documents from the archive of the Art Department of Vilnius voivodeship are used in the article. The analysis of the register of monuments is based on statistical methods. Interpretation and evaluation are based on analytical and comparative methods. The research leads to findings that monument listing was dominated by architecture. Objects of nature were announced monuments based on their cultural value. Officially the status of a monument was given on the grounds of its aesthetics, age or documental value. However, the inner motive was Polishness. Thus, the most frequent monuments were baroque Catholic churches. The patriotic context is also seen in nature protection. The process of monument listing was led by only one expert – a conservator of monuments. The monument status and state protection depended on their interests, expertise and power. The conservator cooperated only with a small group of Polish authority and intelligentsia, leaving the majority of society out of this heritage process. The decision confirming monumental value was a way to control and have an impact directly on the monument’s existence, indirectly – on the discourse of memory. The monument listing reveals values and identities of a Polish art historian working for the state. Consequently, these values and identities were projected for the whole society as universal. This type of discourse on heritage, conception and practice was common in Western countries in the 20th c.