The Immunomodulatory Activity in vitro of NDV ZG1999HDS in Comparison to NDV La Sota

ABSTRACT. The immunotherapies, as a modern therapeutic approach, get an attention because of theirs’ promise to treat a large number of different medical disorders. Immunomodulation effects of low titres (10 HA/ml) of NDV (Newcastle Disease Virus) ZG1999HDS or La Sota were tested on TLT (Human macrophage cell line) bound to PBMC (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells). During the immunomodulation, the amount of NO, H2O2, lysozym and induced antibacterial activity against Gram - positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus mutants) and against Gram - negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter baumanii) were analysed. In addition, the cytokine secretion, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-4, GM-CSF, TNF-α, IFN-α and IFN-α were evaluated. Firstly, the TLT cells are activated through the NDV ZG1999HDS or La Sota binding, followed by the NO “burst” and H2O2 and lysozyme level increase. Secondly, after the binding to the TLT cells and interaction with the PBMCs, the decrease of GM-CSF, and an increase of TNF – α and IFN – γ were found. Simultaneously, the decrease of pro – inflammatory cytokine IFN-α and the differentially increase of IL-1α, IL-2 and IL-4 were recorded. During the induction of the antibacterial response, against Gram - positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus mutants) the effect was one third higher with NDV ZG1999HDS compared to La Sota. Antibacterial response against Gram - negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter baumanii) was not so clear. In general, NDV ZG1999HDS or La Sota activated TLT cells, further bound to PBMC; the ZG1999HDS is stronger immunomodulator than La Sota.

Formula milk increases lactoferrin levels in 7–9 years old children

Background: Lactoferrin is known to have a bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect by binding ions in saliva to interfere with the survival of bacteria that need such ions, such as Streptococcus mutants. Lactoferrin is a whey protein and can be found in formula milk. Purpose: This study aimed to analyse lactoferrin levels before and after consuming formula milk and sterilized milk. Methods: This study was conducted on 22 students aged 7–9 years at Public Elementary School (SD Negeri) 060817 using purposive sampling, with 11 students consuming formula milk and 11 students consuming sterilized milk. Saliva was collected by the spitting method before and after consumption on the first and seventh days. Examination of lactoferrin levels was done using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA). Differences in lactoferrin levels in each group before treatment on day one and day seven were analysed using the Friedman and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests. Differences in lactoferrin levels between the formula milk and sterilized milk groups were analysed using the independent sample t-test and the Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05). Results: The average levels of lactoferrin before consuming formula milk was 0.212 ± 0.034 mg/100ml and increased to 0.222 ± 0.036 mg/100ml and 0.315 ± 0.026 mg/100ml. In the sterilized milk group, lactoferrin levels increased from 0.216 ± 0.033 mg/100ml to 0.225 ± 0.032 mg/100ml and 0.235 ± 0.027 mg/100ml. The increase in lactoferrin levels was more significant in the formula milk group on the seventh day (p=0.001, p<0.05). Conclusion: Formula milk, which contains whey protein, has a high potential in increasing lactoferrin levels.

Comparative Study Regarding Thermal Behaviour of Mixtures Based on Hydroxyapatite and Methacrylate for Dental Use

Theobromine (Th) was documented during the last decades for its important role in the prevention of dental caries, having this role dueto its antibacterial action against the Streptococcus mutants and S. sanguinis, thus reducing the formation of dental biofilm on the teeth surface. Thermally induced interactions of theobromine in 1:1 mass ration bynary mixture with different types of Poly(methyl methacrylate) based materials and the induced interactions between Poly(methyl metha-crylate) based materials and HA were performed using thermal analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. This study aims to be a preliminary study for various mixtures of HA/methacrylate-based materials and Th with usage in dental applications. The instrumental techniques used can be successfully applied in the characterization of dental materials and can lead to conclusions on how to use them.Studies have led to the conclusion that Th can be used for the treatment of early decay by incorporation into the polymer material. It is recommended to use these materials as successive layers (Th with HA and after that dental material).

Uji Antibakteri Obat Kumur Ekstrak Etanol Tanaman Ciplukan (Physalis angulata l.) Terhadap Bakteri Gram Positif

Abstrak: Mulut memiliki mikrofloranormal bakteri sebagai pertahanan tubuh. Bakteri Streptococcus mutans merupakan bakteri yang berkelompok pada permukaan gigi yang memiliki peranan dalam pembentukan karies gigi. Daun dan batang Ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) mengandung polifenol, flavonoid, dan etanol serta antioksidan yang kuat yang diduga memiliki aktivitas antimikroba yang sangat baik. Tujuan penelitian ini yatu untuk mengetahui daya antibakteri obat kumur ekstraksisi etanol campuran daun dan batang ciplukan (P. angulata L.) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Metode penelitian bersifat eksperimental murni laboratorium yang menggunakan kulturisasi bakteri S. mutans.�Uji daya antibakteri menggunakan cara dengan dilusi cair dan dilanjutkan dengan dilusi padat. Uji analisis statistik menggunakan uji deskriptif. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada konsentrasi 15% obat kumur ekstraksi etanol campuran daun dan batang ciplukan mempunyai kadar hambat minimal (KHM) dan kadar bunuh minimal (KBM).� �Formulasi ini bisa direkomendasikan untuk dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut agar bisa digunakan oleh masyarakat yang tinggal dikawasan suhu dingin.Kata Kunci: Ciplukan, obat kumur, Streptoccus mutans.�Abstrak: The mouth has microfloranormal bacteria as a defense of the body. Mutant Streptococcus bacteria are bacteria that cluster on the surface of the teeth that have a role in the formation of dental caries. Ciplukan leaves and stems (Physalis angulata L.) contain polyphenols, flavonoids, and ethanol as well as powerful antioxidants that are thought to have excellent antimicrobial activity. The purpose of this study was to find out the antibacterial power of ethanol extraction drugs mixed with leaves and stems ciplukan (P. angulata L.) against bacteria Streptococcus mutants. The research method is purely experimental laboratory that uses the culture of bacteria S. mutants.�Antibacterial power test using a means with liquid dilution and continued with solid dilution. Test statistical analysis using descriptive tests. From the results of the study showed that at a concentration of 15% mouthwash ethanol extraction mixed leaves and stems ciplukan have minimal levels of bland (KHM) and minimal kill rate (KBM).� �This formulation can be recommended for further research so that it can be used by people living in cold temperatures.Keywords: �Ciplukan, mouthwash, Streptoccus mutants�

Formulasi Dan Evaluasi Sediaan Obat Kumur (Mouthwash) Dari Ekstrak Etanol Tanaman Bundung (Actinoscirpus Grossus) Sebagai Antiseptik Mulut

Research of mouthwash formulation and evaluation of bundung plants extract (Actinoscirpus grossus) as an oral antiseptic also has been tested in Streptococcus mutants bacteria by variation in the concentration of extract 2%, 2,5%, 3% and 3,5%, which aims to determine the most ideal formula in physical quality and has the highest antibacterial activity based on an inhibition zone of Streptococcus mutants bacteria in mouthwash formula. The methods used include the step of extraction of Bundung plants, preparation of mouthwash with 4 formula F1 (2%), F2 (2,5%), F3 (3%) and F4 (3,5%) followed by an evaluation that includes organoleptic, pH test, viscosity test and the test of inhibition zone bacteria. The test of inhibition zone bacteria used MHA media with diffusion method. Stability performed on weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The result showed variation in the concentration of extract bundung plants in a mouthwash formula has and effect on the diameter of the inhibition zone. But did not have a significant effect on the physical stability properties of the mouthwash formula. Mouthwash formula which has the highest antibacterial activity based on inhibition zone of Streptococcus mutants that is 3,5% contained in formula IV.

Uji Potensi Daya Hambat Ekstrak Metanol Biji Jintan Hitam (Nigella Sativa L.) Terhadap Bakteri Streptococcus

One of the plants that are often used as medicinal plants is Black Seed, Black Seed is a medicinal plant known in Indonesia by the name of black cumin. Black cumin seeds and essential oils (Nigella sativa L.) have been widely used in traditional medicine. Many studies have proven the effects of Nigella sativa extract. In various studies, black cumin seed oil shows efficacy as an anti-cancer, anti-free radical and immunomodulator, analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, a spasmolytic, bronchodilator, hepatoprotective, and anti-hypertensive Advanced chemical analysis found that Black Seed contains carotene that is converted into vitamin A by heart. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential inhibition of methanol extract of black cumin seeds (Nigella Sativa L.) against Streptococcus. This research uses a quantitative approach with an experimental method. This research was conducted in the Pharmacognition and Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Muhammadiyah University, Palangkaraya. The sample used was a sample of plant material, namely Black Cumin Seed (Nigella sativa L) which had been dried and pollinated and then extracted and then tested against bacteria. The results of testing the antibacterial activity showed that from low concentration to high concentration the diameter of the resulting inhibition showed that the activity could inhibit the bacteria streptococcus mutants. The highest inhibition at a concentration of 6% is 0.83 mm and the lowest concentration at a concentration of 3% against Streptococcus mutants.

Formulation and evaluation of herbal tooth powder for oral care

Herbal tooth powders consisting of various ingredients that are available in the market in a wide range. Hence modern methods focusing on these aspects are useful for the standardization of herbs and their formulations. Consumers believed by using herbal-based toothpowders are safe, effective, and less toxic. This study is thus aimed to provide an alternative to the consumer and formulate herbal tooth powder using Clove, Neem Stem, Acacia Stem, Stevia Leaf, Mustard Oil, Salt, Ginger and Amla. The oral cavity infections are the most common types of infections. Dental caries is an infectious disease, causes damage and infection of enamel and dentine. If it is not treated, the infection continues and will lead to tooth loss. The mouth contains normal flora of opportunistic bacteria that are normally non-pathogenic. The imbalance of this situation causes infection and tooth decay. Streptococcus mutants are considered as the main species involved in the development of dental caries. S. mutants, acid-producing bacteria, causes fermentation of carbohydrates which results in tooth decay. Therefore, in the present work, the following aspects of Herbal tooth powders were planned for the formulation, standardization of herbal tooth powder, and anti-bacterial screening of the extracts of herbal tooth powder.

Inhibition Activity of Garlic (Allium sativum) Skin Aqueous Extract on Mastitis Causing Microorganisms

Mastitis in dairy caused by microorganisms, e.g. Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, is a serious problem due to its effect in decreasing quality and quantity of milk production up to 53.5%. Mastitis precautions are generally carried out using iodine solution and has risk leaving residue both on the udder and milk produced. Natural antimicrobial compounds need to be developed to solve iodine residues. An alternative natural ingredient that can be used is the skin of garlic which is known contains allicin, that is able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. This completely randomized design research by applying Kirby-Bauer method, aimed to identify the effect and concentration of garlic skin extracts that are effective against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutants, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Research was done in 6 months in Faculty of Animal Science and Faculty of Biology Unsoed, and the datas were analyzed using ANOVA. Garlic skins were extracted using aquadest to three concentrations i.e. 5%, 10% and 15%, and were tested on to mastitis-causing microorganisms growth. The results showed the extract of garlic skins using aquadest has high potency in inhibiting the growth of mastitis-causing microorganisms. Based on the results, aqueous extract of garlic skin has inhibition activity with minimum concentration 5-10%.