THE PRODUCTION OF PLASTIC LUBRICANTS BASED ON REGENERATED SYNTHETIC MOTOR OILS USED IN UZBEKISTAN

The purpose of the study is to increase the efficiency of using used engine oils as a dispersion medium for plastic lubricants. It has been established that the removal of resins, carbenes, carbides and asphaltenes from used synthetic motor oils makes it possible to obtain an oil base close to commercial base oils in terms of basic characteristics; refined oils also have a high margin of operational properties. The composition of lubricants for analogues of Lithol-24 and Solidol-Z based on refined used engine oils has been determined. Anticorrosive, adhesive and strength properties of lubricant compositions are considered.

Study on the Properties of Semi-Synthetic Motor Oil Castrol 10W-40 after Use in a Diesel Engine

The changes in operational and physico-chemical properties of original and used semi-synthetic motor oil Castrol 10W-40 before and after its use in a diesel engine have been investigated. Derivatographic studies were carried out to examine a thermal stability; IR spectroscopy was used to confirm the presence of oil aging products. The composition of the inorganic part of the studied semi-synthetic oils was established by X-ray fluorescence analysis.

RTIES OF ENGINE OILS AND THE WEAR OF ENGINE FRICTION UNITS WHEN ULTRASONIC OIL TREATMENT

Проблема и цель. Целью настоящего исследования является оценка влияния частоты ультразвука на смазочные свойства моторных масел и износ узлов трения двигателей при ультразвуковой обработке масел. Методология. Предметом исследований является ультразвуковая обработка моторных масел и вызываемые ею изменения износа узлов трения. Были проведены следующие эксперименты: оценка влияния частоты ультразвука на изменение коэффициента поверхностного натяжения моторных масел при их ультразвуковой обработке; оценка влияния частоты ультразвуковой обработки смазки на износ образцов пар трения при износных испытаниях образцов на машине трения 2070 СМТ 1М. Обработка моторного масла ультразвуком проводилась с помощью экспериментального устройства для генерации ультразвука переменной частоты. Обработке подвергались моторные масла: масло моторное «LukoilDIESELOIL» 10W-40 минеральное; масло моторное «SHELL Helix HX7 Diesel» 10W-40 полусинтетическое; масло моторное «ZIC X7 Diesel» 10W-40 синтетическое. Результаты. Были получены расчетно-экспериментальные зависимости коэффициента поверхностного натяжения от частоты ультразвукового сигнала для минерального, полусинтетического и синтетического моторных масел, а также зависимости фактора износа образцов пар трения от частоты ультразвука длясинтетического моторного масла.Определен диапазон частот ультразвука (17-44 кГц), при котором ультразвуковая обработка синтетического моторного масла дает наибольшее снижение износа пар трения Заключение. На основании проведенных исследований рекомендуется проводить обработку моторного масла ультразвуком в диапазоне частот от 17 до 44 кГц. Рекомендуется также продолжение работ по доработке устройства для генерации ультразвука оптимальной частоты и адаптации его в систему смазки реальных дизельных автотракторных двигателей. Problem and purpose. The purpose of this study was to assess the efect of ultrasound frequency on lubricating properties of engine oils and the wear of friction units of engines when ultrasonic treatment of oils. Methodology. The subject of the research was the ultrasonic treatment of engine oils and the changes in the wear of friction units caused by it. The following experiments were carried out: evaluation of the efect of the ultrasound frequency on the change in the surface tension coefcient of motor oils when their ultrasonic treatment; evaluation of the efect of the frequency of ultrasonic treatment of the lubricant on the wear of samples of friction pairs during wear tests of samples on a 2070 SMT 1M friction machine. Ultrasonic treatment of engine oil was carried out using an experimental device for generating ultrasound of variable frequency. The following engine oils were processed: motor oil "Lukoil DIESEL OIL" 10W-40 mineral; motor oil "SHELL Helix HX7 Diesel" 10W-40 semi-synthetic and motor oil "ZIC X7 Diesel" 10W-40 synthetic. Results. Authors got calculated and experimental dependences of the surface tension coefcient on the frequency of an ultrasonic signal for mineral, semi-synthetic and synthetic motor oils, as well as the dependence of the wear factor of samples of friction pairs on the frequency of ultrasound for synthetic engine oil. The frequency range of ultrasound (17-44 kHz) was determined, in which the ultrasonic treatment of synthetic motor oil gave the greatest reduction in the wear of friction pairs. Conclusion. Based on the studies carried out, it is recommended to treat engine oil with ultrasound in the frequency range from 17 to 44 kHz. It is also recommended to continue work on improving the device for generating ultrasound of the optimal frequency and adapting it to the lubrication system of real diesel automotive engines.

The Methodical Aspect of the Choice of Innovative Technologies for the Production of Alternative Types of Motor Fuel

The article is aimed at developing a methodological approach to a consistent and rational choice of promising for the development in Ukraine types of alternative motor fuel and innovative technologies for its production, substantiation of the system of technical and economic indicators of the complex for the production of synthetic motor fuel from the low-grade raw materials. One of the key problems of Ukraine’s energy provision today is its high dependence on the import of finished motor fuel, which can be reduced by the development in the country of alternative types of motor fuel based on the latest technologies. The article, based on the provisions of economic theory, discloses the essence of the developed methodological approach to the consistent choice of promising types of alternative motor fuel for their development in Ukraine and innovative technologies of its production. The developed methodological approach for rational choice of promising for the production in Ukraine and use of motor fuel types includes an evaluation of the following: compliance of consumer properties of certain types of motor fuel with the requirements of the existing motor fleet (target); efficiency of motor fuel production technologies (capabilities); sufficiency of resource provision for the production of motor fuel (restrictions). The methodical approach is brought to the level of the methodology, the use of which allows to identify promising types of alternative motor fuel for use in the country and innovative technologies of their production. Along with the developed methodical approach, the expediency of development in Ukraine of the synthetic motor fuel industry is proved on the basis of using the method of indirect coal liquefaction (according to the Fisher–Tropsch method). The result of the work is a system of technical and economic indicators of the complex for the production of synthetic motor fuel from the low-grade raw materials.

The Study of the Distillation Volume of the Liquid Tire Pyrolysis Product

At present, the disposal of polymer and rubber waste, and especially automobile tires, is one of the most acute environmental problems. These types of waste pollute the environment both when they are stored at landfills and during subsequent disposal, especially if it is carried out in the form of incineration. Therefore, at present, much attention is paid to thermal methods of their processing. The results of the study of liquid product of pyrolysis of tires of Kuznetskecology+ LLC are presented in the work. During its distillation, the following fractures were obtained (the yield wt% is indicated in parentheses): petroleum (4), gasoline (21), kerosene (18), diesel (47), fuel oil (10), for which the refractive index was determined and a conclusion about their chemical composition was drawn. When analyzing the data obtained during the analysis of liquid pyrolysis product and its fractions, as well as on the basis of published data, possible chemical reactions occurring during vulcanized rubber pyrolysis are proposed. Research results show that pyrolysis products are valuable chemical raw materials that have great prospects for industrial use, including the production of synthetic motor fuels.

Hierarchical motor control in mammals and machines

Advances in artificial intelligence are stimulating interest in neuroscience. However, most attention is given to discrete tasks with simple action spaces, such as board games and classic video games. Less discussed in neuroscience are parallel advances in “synthetic motor control”. While motor neuroscience has recently focused on optimization of single, simple movements, AI has progressed to the generation of rich, diverse motor behaviors across multiple tasks, at humanoid scale. It is becoming clear that specific, well-motivated hierarchical design elements repeatedly arise when engineering these flexible control systems. We review these core principles of hierarchical control, relate them to hierarchy in the nervous system, and highlight research themes that we anticipate will be critical in solving challenges at this disciplinary intersection.