scholarly journals The Study of the Distillation Volume of the Liquid Tire Pyrolysis Product

2020 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 02019
Author(s):  
Elena Vasilieva ◽  
Aleksandr Nevedrov ◽  
Andrey Papin ◽  
Aleksandr Chernik
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Pyrolysis Product ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Thermal Methods ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Motor Fuels ◽  
Synthetic Motor

At present, the disposal of polymer and rubber waste, and especially automobile tires, is one of the most acute environmental problems. These types of waste pollute the environment both when they are stored at landfills and during subsequent disposal, especially if it is carried out in the form of incineration. Therefore, at present, much attention is paid to thermal methods of their processing. The results of the study of liquid product of pyrolysis of tires of Kuznetskecology+ LLC are presented in the work. During its distillation, the following fractures were obtained (the yield wt% is indicated in parentheses): petroleum (4), gasoline (21), kerosene (18), diesel (47), fuel oil (10), for which the refractive index was determined and a conclusion about their chemical composition was drawn. When analyzing the data obtained during the analysis of liquid pyrolysis product and its fractions, as well as on the basis of published data, possible chemical reactions occurring during vulcanized rubber pyrolysis are proposed. Research results show that pyrolysis products are valuable chemical raw materials that have great prospects for industrial use, including the production of synthetic motor fuels.

scholarly journals Pre-Treatment of Furniture Waste for Smokeless Charcoal Production

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3188
Author(s):  
Paweł Kazimierski ◽  
Paulina Hercel ◽  
Katarzyna Januszewicz ◽  
Dariusz Kardaś
Keyword(s):  
Oriented Strand Board ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Medium Density Fiberboard ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Pyrolysis Product ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Charcoal Production ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Slow Pyrolysis

The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of using furniture waste for smokeless fuel production using the pyrolysis process. Four types of wood-based wastes were used in the pyrolysis process: pine sawdust (PS), chipboard (CB), medium-density fiberboard (MDF), and oriented strand board (OSB). Additionally, the slow and fast types of pyrolysis were compared, where the heating rates were 15 °C/min and 100 °C/min, respectively. Chemical analyses of the raw materials and the pyrolysis product yields are presented. A significant calorific value rise was observed for the solid pyrolysis products (from approximately 17.5 MJ/kg for raw materials up to approximately 29 MJ/kg for slow pyrolysis products and 31 MJ/kg for fast pyrolysis products). A higher carbon content of char was observed in raw materials (from approximately 48% for raw materials up to approximately 75% for slow pyrolysis products and approximately 82% for fast pyrolysis products) than after the pyrolysis process. This work presents the possibility of utilizing waste furniture material that is mostly composed of wood, but is not commonly used as a substrate for conversion into low-emission fuel. The results prove that the proposed solution produced char characterized by the appropriate properties to be classified as smokeless coal.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis of Pruning Residues from Various Types of Orchards and Pretreatment for Energetic Use of Biochar

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2969
Author(s):  
Paweł Kazimierski ◽  
Paulina Hercel ◽  
Tomasz Suchocki ◽  
Jakub Smoliński ◽  
Agnieszka Pladzyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Pyrolysis Product ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Heating Value

The routine pruning and cutting of fruit trees provides a considerable amount of biowaste each year. This lignocellulosic biomass, mainly in the form of branches, trunks, rootstocks, and leaves, is a potential high-quality fuel, yet often is treated as waste. The results of a feasibility study on biochar production by pyrolysis of residues from orchard pruning were presented. Three types of biomass waste were selected as raw materials and were obtained from the most common fruit trees in Poland: apple (AP), pear (PR), and plum (PL) tree prunings. Two heating rates and three final pyrolysis temperatures were applied. For the slow (SP) and fast pyrolysis (FP) processes, the heating rates were 15 °C/min and 100 °C/min, respectively. The samples were heated from 25 °C up to 400, 500, and 600 °C. Chemical analyses of the raw materials were conducted, and the pyrolysis product yields were determined. A significant rise of higher heating value (HHV) was observed for the solid pyrolysis products, from approximately 23.45 MJ/kg for raw materials up to approximately 29.52 MJ/kg for pyrolysis products at 400 °C, and 30.53 MJ/kg for pyrolysis products at 600 °C. Higher carbon content was observed for materials obtained by fast pyrolysis conducted at higher temperatures.

Phamacognostical and Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Chandrashakaladi Vataka - A herbal formulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Akash S Changole ◽  
Mandip Goyal ◽  
Harish CR
Keyword(s):  
Classical Method ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Herbal Formulation ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Good Manufacturing Practices ◽  
Solvent Systems

Background: Quality control and the standardization of herbal medicines involve steps like standard source and quality of raw materials, good manufacturing practices and adequate analytical screening. These practices play a vital role in guaranting the quality and stability of herbal preparations. Chandrashakaladi Vataka is an Ayurvedic herbal formulation mentioned to be beneficial in Kushtha. Till date no published data is available on its analytical profile. Aim: To develop the Pharmacognostical and Phyto-chemical profile of Chandrashakaladi Vataka. Material and Methods: Chandrashakaladi Vataka was prepared as per classical method and analytical findings were recorded. Samples were subjected to organoleptic analysis, physico-chemical analysis and HPTLC examination by optimizing the solvent systems. Results and Conclusions: Pharmacognostical profile of Chandrashakaladi Vataka was established. Loss on drying, Ash value, Acid insoluble extract, Methanol soluble extract, Chandrashakaladi Vataka was found within prescribed limits. HPTLC profile of Chandrashakaladi Vataka revealed 12 spots at 254 nm and 13 spots at 366 nm.

PROPERTIES OF BOILER FUEL COMPOUNDED BY NARROW FUEL FRACTIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
K. Shevchenko ◽  
A. Grigorov ◽  
I. Sinkevich
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Boiler Fuel ◽  
Performance Properties ◽  
Lower Heat ◽  
The One

In order to improve the performance properties, in particular viscosity-temperature, of boiler fuel, it is proposed to combine them with narrow fuel fractions obtained by thermal destruction of secondary polymer raw materials (low pressure polyethylene and polypropylene). When compounding grade 100 fuel oil with narrow fuel fractions, the values ​​of density are reduced to 865 (873) kg / m3, conditional viscosity to 2.50 (2.63) deg. um., pour point up to 8 (13) °C), sulfur content up to 0.17 wt%. and the lower heat of combustion increases to 43606 (43850) kJ / kg. At the same time, there is a gradual decrease in the value of the flash point to 114 (127) °C. This reduction is a negative point, which leads to increased fire safety of fuel oil during its use, storage, pumping and transport. However, the values of the flash point, according to the requirements of regulatory documentation, are within acceptable limits. That is, the value of this indicator can limit the content of fuel oil in narrow fuel fractions. It is determined that the rational concentration of narrow fuel fractions in the composition of fuel oil grade 100, is within 30% of the mass. Within these limits, there is a permissible decrease in flash point values – an indicator that characterizes the fire hazard of fuel oil during its use, storage, pumping and transportation against the background of improving other performance properties of fuel oil. The production of the proposed compound boiler fuel on the one hand allows to expand the raw material base of the process by involving in the production process secondary polymer raw materials – solid waste subject to mandatory disposal, on the other – to meet existing demand for boiler fuel by increasing its production.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis Products Distribution of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Lignin with/without Steam Explosion Treatment by Py-GC/MS

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Yuguo Dong ◽  
Xinyu Lu ◽  
Chengjuan Hu ◽  
Liang Li ◽  
Qixiang Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Steam Explosion ◽  
Pyrolysis Product ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Hydrolysis Lignin ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Structural Framework ◽  
Main Component

This paper investigated the pyrolytic behaviors of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL) and EHL treated with steam explosion (EHL-SE) by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (Py-GC/MS). It was shown that the main component of the pyrolysis products was phenolic compounds, including G-type, H-type, S-type, and C-type phenols. With different treatment methods, the proportion of units in phenolic products had changed significantly. Meanwhile, proximate, elemental, and FTIR analysis of both lignin substrates were also carried out for a further understanding of the lignin structure and composition with or without steam explosion treatment. FTIR result showed that, after steam explosion treatment, the fundamental structural framework of the lignin substrate was almost unchangeable, but the content of lignin constituent units, e.g., hydroxyl group and alkyl group, evidently changed. It was noticeable that 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol with 11% relative content was the most predominant pyrolytic product for lignin after steam explosion treatment. Combined with the above analysis, the structural change and pyrolysis product distribution of EHL with or without steam explosion treatment could be better understood, providing more support for the multi-functional utilization of lignin.

EGG PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY–PROGRESS AND SANITATION PROGRAMS1

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Forsythe
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Food Preservation ◽  
Processing Technology ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Egg Products ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
One Year

Egg products, the bulk of which are produced in less than 100 plants operating under continuous USDA inspection, are described. Each year in the U. S. approximately $130–$135 million of frozen egg and $53–$55 million of dried egg products are produced. Presently 60% of the egg products are consumed as frozen and/or liquid products. These total about 10% of all the eggs consumed (the rest being used as “shell or table” eggs). The trend toward increased use of egg solids is partially attributable to the ability to complete analysis before incorporating into large batches, which is not possible with defrosted frozen or liquid egg. Specifications and properties of egg products, particularly those of sanitary significance, used to describe purchases for the bakery, confectioners, dry mix and dressing manufacturers, are discussed. Recent progress in processing technology is reviewed. New egg washing concepts utilizing abrasive brushes, acid cleaners, and iodine containing sanitizers have improved the sanitary quality of raw materials being presented for breaking, Advances in mechanical egg breaking permit more rapid handling of liquid product, resulting in significantly reduced bacteria levels. Glucose removed at low temperatures has resulted in lowered bacteria levels in products to be pasteurized. Advances in pasteurization include consideration of equipment and its use, as well as chemical techniques developed to extend the effectiveness of thermal pasteurization. Drying, one of the most time-honored techniques for food preservation, has brought with it the problem of re-contamination from large volumes of air required. Final dry product in-package pasteurization is now possible with dry egg whites and may be extended to other egg products with fumigants or irradiation. The egg industry, through the leadership of its trade organization, Institute of American Poultry Industries, has long recognized the need for “self-certification” and initiated sanitary progress and pasteurization even before the so-called “salmonellae problem” was identified by the Communicable Disease Center Salmonella Surveillance Unit. Recent actions of the regulatory agencies, such as the FDA GMPs, the Public Health Service's proposed ordinance and code regulating the processing of egg and egg products, and Senate File 2116 introduced May 12, 1969 to provide for mandatory inspection of egg products are outlined. The E-3-A program, less than one year old, has gained the support of regulatory agencies, equipment manufacturers, and the egg products industry.

scholarly journals Investigation of biomass components on the slow pyrolysis products yield using Aspen Plus for techno-economic analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahbaz ◽  
Ahmed AlNouss ◽  
Prakash Parthasarathy ◽  
Ali H. Abdelaal ◽  
Hamish Mackey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Pyrolysis Product ◽  
Aspen Plus ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Slow Pyrolysis ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Solid Residence Time ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Prior information on the pyrolysis product behaviour of biomass components-cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin is critical in the selection of feedstock as components have a significant influence on the pyrolysis products yield. In this study, the effect of biomass components on the yield of slow pyrolysis products (char, bio-oil and syngas) is investigated using a validated ASPEN Plus® model. The model is simulated at a temperature of 450 °C, a heating rate of 10 °C/min and a solid residence time of 30 min. The results indicated that at the given conditions, lignin contributed 2.4 and 2.5 times more char yield than cellulose and hemicellulose. The hemicellulose contributed 1.33 times more syngas yield than lignin while the cellulose and hemicellulose contributed 8.67 times more bio-oil yield than lignin. Moreover, the cost involved in the production of char using lignin (110 $/ton) is significantly economical than using cellulose (285 $/ton) and hemicellulose (296 $/ton). The net CO2 emission of lignin pyrolysis is 4.14 times lower than cellulose pyrolysis and 3.94 times lower than hemicellulose pyrolysis. It can be concluded that lignin pyrolysis is more advantageous than cellulose and hemicellulose pyrolysis. In the selection of feedstock for the slow pyrolysis, the feedstock with more lignin content is preferred. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Predicting Pyrolysis Products of PE, PP, and PET Using NRTL Activity Coefficient Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mousa FakhrHoseini ◽  
Majid Dastanian
Keyword(s):  
Activity Coefficient ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Binary Interaction ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Interaction Coefficients ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Activity Coefficient Model

Using thermodynamic models is a desired method for predicting an equilibrium when occurring in a system. If a thermodynamic model can predict an equilibrium condition in a pyrolysis, for a new way will be open for scientists in predicting equilibrium in a reaction without need to kinetic models. In this work, low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate were used instead of feed of pyrolysis process. The process was maintained at 500°C with 5 different temperature raising ratios 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14. Then the process was modeled thermodynamically using NRTL activity coefficient model. Using this model, the binary interaction coefficients were investigated for the system of “char, oil, and gas.” Results showed that polyethylene and polypropylene produced the maximum liquid product. Calculated RMSD objective function was 0.0157; that it is acceptable for this process.

Problems of producing motor fuels from alternative raw materials

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 2455-2466 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ya. Rozovskii ◽  
G. I. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Motor Fuels

Synthesis of a Novel B3CN3 Compound by Pyrolysis of Precursor

2007 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 1080-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Yang ◽  
Tai Qiu ◽  
Chun Ying Shen
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pyrolysis Product ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Organic Precursor ◽  
Xps Spectra ◽  
N2 Atmosphere ◽  
Graphite Structure ◽  
Approximate Composition ◽  
C And N

An organic precursor was synthesized with C3N6H6 and H3BO3 as raw materials in aqueous solution. A novel amorphous BCN compound was obtained by thermolysis of the precursor at 1900°C in flowing N2 atmosphere. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the precursor is a supramolecular compound with a formula C3N6H6(H3BO3)2. The pyrolysis product was characterized by XRD, XPS, FTIR, and SEM. XRD results reveal that the pyrolysis product has a turbostratic graphite structure. XPS analysis confirms the formation of nitrogen-rich BCN ternary compound with an approximate composition of B3CN3. Both the deconvoluted XPS spectra and FTIR spectrum indicate that B-N, B-C, and C-N chemical bonds have been established and there is no phase separation of graphite and h-BN occurred, which suggests an atomic-level hybrid of B, C, and N in the compound. SEM images show that the crystal shape of the B3CN3 compound is columnar, which is similar to the precursor.

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