Attitude of Individuals First Entering Labour Market to the Implementation of Equality of Treatment Principle in Labour Relations

By invoking scientific doctrine, legal regulations and official statistics, the paper aims at assessing the actual position of females and males in labour relations in Lithuania as well as identifying the problems of the legal regulation of gender equality. The survey conducted among MRU Public Security Academy students was dedicated to disclosing the perceptions of individuals first entering the labour market about (in)equality in labour relations and experiences in the course of professional practice. To attain these objectives, certain goals were set: analysis of multiple layers of the concept of equality, legal regulation of the principle of gender equality and its inclusion in labour relations and statutory service. Furthermore, the present paper considered various trends and patterns in the implementation of the gender equality principle in labour relations, based on the analysis of the data of the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson. Empirical research was carried out to assess the experience of students who had their professional practice in police headquarters in terms of gender inequality. Based on the performed survey that involved the students of MRU Public Security Academy, it should be concluded that the majority of students did not understand the different behaviours that could violate an individual’s rights in terms of the equality of men and women. When responding to certain questions, the majority of respondents indicated that gender inequality in Lithuania existed only to the extent it occurred naturally; however, when responding to other questions, the majority stated that there were numerous situations during their practice when they experienced discrimination (i.e. preferential treatment of one of the genders, abuse due to gender etc.). This can lead to the conclusion that violations of gender equality committed on certain grounds are perceived as a natural phenomenon resulting from natural differences between the sexes and because of this, certain flawed behaviour is justified. This results in fewer opportunities for individuals to report violations to responsible institutions and thus ensure the protection of their rights as well as to share their experiences with other individuals and, as a result, educate them.

Case C-181/19, Jobcenter Krefeld: The End of the Union Citizenship as Previously Understood?

The European Court of Justice has taken a restrictive approach vis-à-vis economically inactive Union citizens ever since its rulings Brey and Dano. In a recent preliminary ruling, Case C-181/19 Jobcenter Krefeld, the Court confirms this approach with regard to social security benefits that resemble social assistance. Such benefits fall, just as the Court in held in Brey and Dano, under the Citizenship Directive and can be made dependent upon a right to reside. Thereby, the Court holds that the Citizenship Directive overrule Regulation 883/2004, that coordinates social security benefits, and its equal treatment principle which rule out additional residence requirements. However, the Court clarifies that if there is a right to reside on basis of Regulation 492/2011, such a right overrides the more restrictive right to reside that follows from the Citizenship Directive. Different standards seem to apply to economically active Union citizens and economically inactive Union citizens. Challenges lie ahead for the Member States' administrations as different authorities apply the respective Union law instruments.

Data Localization and the National Treatment Obligation in International Investment Treaties

Data localization hurts foreign investment and brings potential economic advantages to domestic corporations relative to foreign corporations. This leads to the argument that data localization violates the national treatment principle in international investment treaties. By applying the ‘three-step’ approach to assess the legality of data localization with respect to the national treatment principle, this article finds that the legality of data localization depends on certain circumstances, including the domestic catalogues of foreign investment, the definition of data localization in domestic legislation, and whether international investment treaties explicitly or implicitly incorporate data protection through exceptions for the protection of the state's essential security interests, public order, or public morals. China's acceleration of its legislation processes to regulate cross-border data transfer has significant implications for the negotiations and modifications of Chinese international investment treaties.

Temporary worsening of mitral regurgitation due to conduction disturbance after transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Background Mitral regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) can be caused by various etiologies. Case presentation An 81-year-old woman with mild mitral regurgitation and complete right bundle branch block was scheduled to undergo TAVI under general anesthesia. After the deployment of the prosthetic valve, electrocardiography depicted a wide QRS wave and bradycardia, suggestive of complete atrioventricular block. Although there was no lesion indicative of tissue injury to the valve itself, worsening of mitral regurgitation was identified on transesophageal echocardiography. The hemodynamic condition was stable, and no additional procedure was performed. Electrocardiography depicted a return to a narrow QRS wave 3 days after surgery, and the mitral regurgitation appeared comparable to the preoperative grade. We assumed that the worsening of mitral regurgitation was caused by dyssynchrony in the left ventricle due to the conduction disorder. Conclusions Mitral regurgitation after TAVI needs observation, including the determination of the etiology and treatment principle.

Chief Physician Wang Defen’s Experience in Treating Thyroid Nodules based on Syndrome Differentiation

To summarize the experience of Chief Physician Wang Defen in the treatment of thyroid nodules. According to many years of clinical experience, Chief Physician Wang Defen believes that the occurrence of thyroid nodules is mostly affected by emotional factors. Qi stagnation, liver depression and fire, phlegm and Qi are the pathogenesis of the disease, which is closely related to liver Qi stagnation. Based on the basic treatment principle of Nourishing Yin, clearing heat, soothing liver and strengthening spleen, the prescription chose Danzhi Xiaoyao Powder plus or minus can often achieve good clinical efficacy.

Discussion on the Application of Warm Yang to Promote Qi Transformation in Acne Mastitis from “Yang Promotes Qi Transformation and Yin Promotes Forming”

“Yang promotes Qi transformation and Yin promotes forming” maintains the normal progress of human life activities, which is an important embodiment of human vitality. The dysfunction of “Yang promotes Qi transformation and Yin promotes forming” leads to the coagulation of pathological products such as phlegm and blood stasis in the breast meridian, resulting in the occurrence of acne mastitis. In clinical treatment, we should take “warm Yang to promote Qi transformation” as the treatment principle, and add or subtract according to the specific situation.

AN AYURVEDIC CASE REPORT ON AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a common and most severe type of Motor Neuron Disease. It is characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness, wasting and fasciculations. Survival is for 3-5 years, and the death is from respiratory paralysis. The incidence of ALS is between 0.6 and 3.8 per 100000 persons per year. Males are predominantly affected. Here is a case report of 45yrs old male who presented with complaints of difficulty in walking since 3years, with an insidious asymmetric onset of weakness of bilateral lower limbs with wasting and fasciculations. In Ayurveda, the case was symptomatologically diagnosed as Mamsa Sosha, which occurs as the result of obstruction of Snayu and Rakthadhamanis (Mamsavaha srotomoolas). The assessment was done using ALSFRS-R Scale. The treatment was aimed at improving the quality of life and also decreasing the rate of disease progression. The treatment principle adopted was Srothosodhana (Ama- Avaranaghna cikitsa) and Brimhana. Promising results were obtained after treatment. Keywords: ALS, MND, Ayurveda, Avaranaghna cikitsa, Mamsa Sosha, Mamsa Kshaya

Treatment for gap and step nonconformity of slat on tail-hang civil aircraft

Slat aerodynamic contour nonconformity often occurs during the manufacture of civil aircraft, which can cause appearance influence, drag increase and even manoeuvrability & stability problem. This article introduces 4 types of gaps and 3 types of step nonconformity and reason for them. Then the article studies treatment principle for wing slat contour nonconformity. In the end, the article figures out acceptable criteria and 5 types of standard repair methods for slat gap and step nonconformity.

The Morphological Classification of the Penile Frenulum in Chinese's People and its Clinical Application Value in the Frenulum Malposition of Circumcision with the Disposable Circumcision Suture Device (DCSD)

Background: to conclude the clinical experience of the disposable circumcision suture device (DCSD), to describe the morphological classification of the penile frenulum in Chinese's people, to find a way to solve the malposition of the penile frenulum in the surgery with disposable circumcision suture deviceMethods: From November 2013 to April 2021, there were 2265 consecutive Chinese patients with phimosis 367(16.2%) or redundant prepuce 1898 (83.8%) who underwent circumcision in our hospital. Each patient’s penile frenulum morphological feature was recorded and grouped according to the intraoperative photo documentation. There were four type of frenulum feature: typeⅠ, the middle raphe, a middle line longitudinal from the glan to the scrotal raphe; typeⅡ,the middle double raphe or middle band; type Ⅲ, the diamond or lozenge-shaped raphe; type Ⅳ was marked by the some hyperpigmentation zone. We also reported the convexity frenulum cutting site(CFCS) which could be palpated that a small rounded eminence tissue at the ventral prepuce middle raphe during the prodedure. Other data recorded were operation time, type of anesthesia, intra-operative blood loss, incision healing time, complications, mainly focus on the frenulum distortion, patient satisfaction. RESULTS: According to our morphological classification there were 842 (37.2%) cases in type Ⅰ, 258 (11.4%) cases in type Ⅱ; 107 (4.7%) cases in typeⅢA, 885 (39.1%) cases in type ⅢB and 173 (7.6%) cases in type Ⅳ. Following the classification treatment principle reported in the text no notorious frenulum deviation was observed after the initial 100 cases. Conclusion: The morphological classification of the penile frenulum incombinating with the anatomy marker of CFCS will facilitate accurate identification of the frenulum location, better define its right position, and provide a guide for the DCSD surgery for the individualized patients. The method described in this study could improve the success of the circumcision procedures, lower the related complication and is important to make the device acceptable and popular.

Qing-Kai-Ling Injection Acts Better Than Shen-Fu Injection in Enhancing the Antitumor Effect of Gefitinib in Resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Models

Patients with EGFR gene mutation often obtain de novo resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) or develop secondary resistance to EGFR-TKIs after taking EGFR-TKI therapy. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with different treatment principles, in combination with EGFR-TKIs, plays an important role in the treatment of cancers including resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, inappropriate use of TCM herbs may induce resistance to gefitinib. Therefore, it is of a great value to evaluate which TCM treatment principle should be combined with EGFR-TKIs, and which one should be avoided, and find out the potential mechanisms. The lentiviral transfection assay was used for overexpression of PIK3CA mutation gene in PC-9 cells to construct PC-9-PIK3CA-mutation (PC-9-PIK3CA-M) cells. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of EGFR/PI3K/AKT and EGFR/RAS/RAF/ERK in PC-9-PIK3CA-M and H1975 cells treated by the typical cooling-heat drug, Qing-kai-ling (QKL) and Tan-re-qing (TRQ), or the typical warming-yang drug, Shen-fu (SF) and gefitinib treatment, were detected by MTT, Annexin V/PI double labeling, and Western blot assays, respectively. Tumor xenograft and immunohistochemistry experiments were carried out to confirm the in vitro findings. PC-9-PIK3CA-M cells were less sensitive to gefitinib, when compared with PC-9 cells. QKL injection and TRQ injection, not SF injection, combined with gefitinib induced significantly increased cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in PC-9-PIK3CA-M and H1975 cells. SF injection antagonized the effect of gefitinib in promoting cancer cell apoptosis. QKL injection and TRQ injection increased the sensitivity of gefitinib by inhibiting the phosphorylation of AKT or ERK in H1975 and PC-9-PIK3CA-M cells. Similar findings were observed in vivo in H1975 xenograft mouse model. QKL and TRQ, with cooling-heat TCM treatment principle, should be combined with gefitinib in the treatment of NSCLC. Furthermore, warming-yang drug SF should be avoided to be used together with EGFR-TKIs.