Channel Capacity of Molecular Signaling via Diffusion in Confined Microenvironment

Aims: To model molecular signal propagation in confined environment. Background: Molecular communication (MC) is rooted in the concepts of understanding, modeling, and engineering information exchange among naturally and artificially synthesized nanosystems. To develop or analyze an MC system, there is the need to model the communication channel through which the molecular signal diffuse, from the transmitter to the receiver. Many models for the diffusion-based MC channel have been proposed in the literature for evaluating the performance of MC systems. Most of the contemporary works assume, and rightly so for some scenarios, that the MC channels under consideration have infinite boundaries. However, this assumption becomes invalid in bounded domains such as the interiors of natural cells and artificially synthesized nanosystems. Objective: In this paper, the model of molecular propagation in a confined. microenvironment is employ to explore the effect of such an environment on the MC system. Method: The mutual information of the channel and specifically the closed-form expression of the channel capacity of the molecular signaling in the confined geometry is derive. Result: Numerical results showing the variation in the channel capacity as the function of the channel dimension are presented. Conclusion: Results showed that the channel capacity increases with the decrease in the channel dimension. Subsequently, as the dimension of the channel tends to the nanoscale range typical of many artificially synthesized nanosystems, the effect of the channel width on the capacity and by induction on many other system metrics increases.

Eudesmol-A promising inhibitor for glucosyltransferase: Docking and Molecular dynamics study

The loss of natural teeth can be avoided by invoking the molecular signal behind teeth regeneration. The destruction of the connective tissues is mainly due to bacterial origin which reacts to dental caries, a multifactorial disease. Glycosyl transferase is the enzyme which is involved in the glycosidic linkage. Glucosyltransferase inactivation reduces dental caries. This enzyme is a crucial virulence factor of Streptococcus mutans, a major pathogen that causes dental caries. In this present work, screening was done with library of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory molecules against the crystal structure of the target protein. Based on the predicted binding affinities, small molecules were selected and evaluated for their activity. Further, attempts were done to evaluate the toxicity of the lead compounds and compounds with no toxicity and good binding affinity were subjected for simulation and compared with reference complex. The potential energy of Glycosyl transferase-Eudesmol (proposed compound) (-1500 kj/mol) indicates its higher stability as compared to Glycosyl tranferase-G43 (reference) complex (-1100kj/mol). The inactives and actives compound for Glycosyl transferase was predicted from DeepScreening server.

Distribution of first-reaction times with target regions on boundaries of shell-like domains

We study the probability density function (PDF) of the first-reaction times between a diffusive ligand and a membrane-bound, immobile imperfect target region in a restricted "onion-shell" geometry bounded by two nested membranes of arbitrary shapes. For such a setting, encountered in diverse molecular signal transduction pathways or in the narrow escape problem with additional steric constraints, we derive an exact spectral form of the PDF, as well as present its approximate form calculated by help of the so-called self-consistent approximation. For a particular case when the nested domains are concentric spheres, we get a fully explicit form of the approximated PDF, assess the accuracy of this approximation, and discuss various facets of the obtained distributions. Our results can be straightforwardly applied to describe the PDF of the terminal reaction event in multi-stage signal transduction processes.

Detection of Incoherent Signal In Molecular Communication Based on Channel Impulse Response

In order to solve the problem of intercode interference (ISI) and background noise caused by molecular diffusion in molecular communication, Honda analyzed and studied four methods to resist ISI signal, and analyzed the characteristics of the received signal at the moment. A reliable incoherent molecular signal detection algorithm independent of channel impulse response (CIR) is proposed, and an adaptive threshold calculation method is designed, and the theoretical value of bit error rate (BER) is given. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme BER is lower than the traditional scheme BER under the same computational complexity, so it has a wide application prospect in the nanoscale molecular communication system with limited computing power.

Abiraterone acetate – 10 clinically relevant facts

Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in men. Number of newly diagnosed cases is increasing due to several factors and the most important ones seem to be: population ageing and more sensitive diagnostic procedures. Secondary – the higher efficacy of treatment with its influence on improving patients’ overall survival and the specific mechanism of action of drugs used in systemic therapy lead to growing population of men suffering from prostate cancer in general and, specifically – patients with castration resistance. It is hormone therapy to play the key role in systemic treatment of prostate cancer with increasing significance of novel drugs focused on inhibition of molecular signal transduction mediated by androgen receptor. Abiraterone acetate is the representative of this therapeutic class. The paper describes the most clinically relevant data regarding the drug.

Ultra-Weak Cell Radiation as an Impulse to Activate Biological Signal Transmission Paths

Basic physical research at the beginning of the 20th century developed concepts of the energetic properties of atoms and molecules with quantum mechanics, which increasingly also included biological structures. Considerations of a “charge transfer” or also known as “donor-acceptor interactions” of the movement of electrons between molecular structures developed. This energetic process is the basis of the ultra-weak cell radiation, which is to be discussed as the basis for the activation of the molecular signal transmission.

Morpho-molecular signal correlation between optical coherence tomography and Raman spectroscopy for superior image interpretation and clinical diagnosis

The combination of manifold optical imaging modalities resulting in multimodal optical systems allows to discover a larger number of biomarkers than using a single modality. The goal of multimodal imaging systems is to increase the diagnostic performance through the combination of complementary modalities, e.g. optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Raman spectroscopy (RS). The physical signal origins of OCT and RS are distinctly different, i.e. in OCT it is elastic back scattering of photons, due to a change in refractive index, while in RS it is the inelastic scattering between photons and molecules. Despite those diverse characteristics both modalities are also linked via scattering properties and molecular composition of tissue. Here, we investigate for the first time the relation of co-registered OCT and RS signals of human bladder tissue, to demonstrate that the signals of these complementary modalities are inherently intertwined, enabling a direct but more importantly improved interpretation and better understanding of the other modality. This work demonstrates that the benefit for using two complementary imaging approaches is, not only the increased diagnostic value, but the increased information and better understanding of the signal origins of both modalities. This evaluation confirms the advantages for using multimodal imaging systems and also paves the way for significant further improved understanding and clinically interpretation of both modalities in the future.

Morpho-molecular Signal Correlation between Optical Coherence Tomography and Raman Spectroscopy for Superior Image Interpretation and Clinical Diagnosis

The combination of manifold optical imaging modalities resulting in multimodal optical systems allows to discover a larger number of biomarkers than using a single modality. The goal of multimodal imaging systems is to increase the diagnostic performance through the combination of complementary modalities, e.g. optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Raman spectroscopy (RS). The physical signal origins of OCT and RS are distinctly different, i.e. in OCT it is elastic back scattering of photons, due to a change in refractive index, while in RS, it is the inelastic scattering between photons and molecules. Despite those diverse characteristics both modalities are also linked via scattering properties and molecular composition of tissue. Here, we investigate for the first time the relation of co-registered OCT and RS signals of human bladder tissue, to demonstrate that the signals of these complementary modalities are inherently intertwined, enabling a direct but more importantly improved interpretation and better understanding of the other modality. This work demonstrates that the benefit for using two complementary imaging approaches is, not only the increased diagnostic value, but the increased information and better understanding of the signal origins of both modalities. This evaluation confirms the advantages for using multimodal imaging systems and also paves the way for significant further improved understanding and clinically interpretation of both modalities in the future.