Channel Capacity of Molecular Signaling via Diffusion in Confined Microenvironment

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uche A.K. Chude-Okonkwo
Keyword(s):  
Channel Capacity ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Closed Form Expression ◽  
Molecular Signaling ◽  
Engineering Information ◽  
Molecular Signal ◽  
Confined Environment ◽  
Nanoscale Range ◽  
Channel Dimension

Aims: To model molecular signal propagation in confined environment. Background: Molecular communication (MC) is rooted in the concepts of understanding, modeling, and engineering information exchange among naturally and artificially synthesized nanosystems. To develop or analyze an MC system, there is the need to model the communication channel through which the molecular signal diffuse, from the transmitter to the receiver. Many models for the diffusion-based MC channel have been proposed in the literature for evaluating the performance of MC systems. Most of the contemporary works assume, and rightly so for some scenarios, that the MC channels under consideration have infinite boundaries. However, this assumption becomes invalid in bounded domains such as the interiors of natural cells and artificially synthesized nanosystems. Objective: In this paper, the model of molecular propagation in a confined. microenvironment is employ to explore the effect of such an environment on the MC system. Method: The mutual information of the channel and specifically the closed-form expression of the channel capacity of the molecular signaling in the confined geometry is derive. Result: Numerical results showing the variation in the channel capacity as the function of the channel dimension are presented. Conclusion: Results showed that the channel capacity increases with the decrease in the channel dimension. Subsequently, as the dimension of the channel tends to the nanoscale range typical of many artificially synthesized nanosystems, the effect of the channel width on the capacity and by induction on many other system metrics increases.

scholarly journals OpenBIM: An Enabling Solution for Information Interoperability

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaohua Jiang ◽  
Liping Jiang ◽  
Yunwei Han ◽  
Zheng Wu ◽  
Na Wang
Keyword(s):  
Information Integration ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Information Interaction ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Engineering Information ◽  
Software Platforms

The expansion of scale and the increase of complexity of construction projects puts higher requirements on the level of collaboration among different stakeholders. How to realize better information interoperability among multiple disciplines and different software platforms becomes a key problem in the collaborative process. openBIM (building information model), as a common approach of information exchange, can meet the needs of information interaction among different software well and improve the efficiency and accuracy of collaboration. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no comprehensive survey of openBIM approach in the context of the AEC (Architecture, Engineering & Construction) industry, this paper fills the gap and presents a literature review of openBIM. In this paper, the openBIM related standards, software platforms, and tools enabling information interoperability are introduced and analyzed comprehensively based on related websites and literature. Furthermore, engineering information interoperability research supported by openBIM is analyzed from the perspectives of information representation, information query, information exchange, information extension, and information integration. Finally, research gaps and future directions are presented based on the analysis of existing research. The systematic analysis of the theory and practice of openBIM in this paper can provide support for its further research and application.

Influence of Leaders on Mean Square Consentability in Biologically-Inspired Stochastic Networks

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Abaid ◽  
Maurizio Porfiri
Keyword(s):  
Collective Behavior ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Stochastic Networks ◽  
Closed Form Expression ◽  
Convergence Factor ◽  
Form Expression ◽  
Consensus Protocol ◽  
Biologically Inspired ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Consensus Dynamics

In this work, we study a discrete-time consensus protocol for a group of agents which communicate over a class of stochastically switching networks inspired by fish schooling. The network model incorporates the phenomenon of numerosity that has a prominent role on the collective behavior of animal groups by defining the individuals’ perception of numbers. The agents comprise leaders, which share a common state, and followers, which update their states based on information exchange among neighboring agents. We write a closed form expression for the asymptotic convergence factor of the protocol, which measures the decay rate of disagreement among the followers’ and the leaders’ states. Numerical simulations are conducted to validate analytical results and illustrate the consensus dynamics as a function of the group size, number of leaders in the group, and the numerosity.

Study of Computer Key Technologies and Mobile Technology

2014 ◽  
Vol 539 ◽  
pp. 251-255
Author(s):  
Zi Li Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Information Revolution ◽  
Management Information ◽  
Information Engineering ◽  
Engineering Information

Human society is in the information age, the information revolution has full rise. Human society changed from the value calculated into a comprehensive problem solving. Human being is gradually put information into a computer system for the process of transplantation, resulting in the need of information management, information engineering, information exchange, and other branches of science. For the rapidly expanding range of problem-solving, the existing computer functions are a serious shortage, lack of intelligence. The lack of intelligence in computer science has been unable to generalize the entire contents of the information science. This paper mainly explains the development and application of computers in mobile technology.

Capacity of Optical Wireless System over Log-Normal Channels with Spatial Diversity in Presence of Atmospheric Losses

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Kaushik ◽  
Vineet Khandelwal ◽  
R.C. Jain
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Turbulence ◽  
Channel Capacity ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Spatial Diversity ◽  
Closed Form Expression ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Optical Wireless ◽  
Diversity Techniques ◽  
Log Normal

Abstract In this paper, average channel capacity of optical wireless communication system is evaluated under the combined effect of geometrical loss, attenuation due to weather conditions and weak atmospheric turbulence using a simple closed form expression. Fading induced due to atmospheric turbulence is modeled by log-normal distribution. Considering the fact that the sum of log-normal random variables can be well approximated by another log-normal random variable, the proposed expression has been utilized to compute the channel capacity for spatial diversity reception employing maximum ratio combining and equal gain combining over uncorrelated turbulence-induced fading conditions. It is shown that spatial diversity is an effective technique to mitigate the impairments caused by various atmospheric conditions such as haze, rain and fog. The quantitative improvement in channel capacity achieved by using diversity techniques is investigated and compared. Accuracy of the results is validated with exact results computed using Monte Carlo simulation.

Computer Modeling of Mild Axonal Injury: Implications for Axonal Signal Transmission

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 2646-2681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav Volman ◽  
Laurel J. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Diffusion Imaging ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Diffuse Axonal Injury ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Myelinated Axon ◽  
Mechanical Trauma ◽  
Propagation Time ◽  
Propagation Properties

Diffusion imaging and postmortem studies of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) of the concussive type are consistent with the observations of diffuse axonal injury to the white matter axons. Mechanical trauma to axons affects the properties of tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels at the nodes of Ranvier, leading to axonal degeneration through intra-axonal accumulation of calcium ions and activation of calcium proteases; however, the immediate implications of axonal trauma regarding axonal functionality and their relevance to transient impairment of function as observed in concussion remain elusive. A biophysically realistic computational model of a myelinated axon was developed to investigate how mTBI could immediately affect axonal function. Traumatized axons showed alterations in signal propagation properties that nonlinearly depended on the level of trauma; subthreshold traumatized axons had decreased spike propagation time, whereas suprathreshold traumatized axons exhibited a slowdown of spike propagation and spike propagation failure. Trauma had consistently reduced axonal spike amplitude. The susceptibility of an axon to trauma could be modulated by the function of an ATP-dependent sodium-potassium pump. The results suggest a mechanism by which concussive mTBI could lead to the immediate impairment of signal propagation through the axon and the emerging dysfunctional neuronal information exchange.

Engineering Information Into Open Documents

2009 ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
Chia-Chu Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Conceptual Information ◽  
Standard Format ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Xml Documents ◽  
Extensible Markup ◽  
Engineering Information ◽  
Industrial Projects ◽  
Automated Tools

Documents are perfectly suited for information exchange via the Internet. In order to insure that there are no misunderstandings, information embedded in a document needs to be precise and unambiguous. Having a (de facto) standard data model and conceptual information model insures that the involved parties will agree on what the information means. XML (eXtensible Markup Language) has become the de facto standard format for representing information in documents for document exchange. Many techniques have been proposed to create XML documents, including the validation and transformation of XML documents. However, very little is discussed when it comes to extracting information from non- XML documents and engineering the information into XML documents. The extraction process can be a highly labor intensive task if it is done manually. The use of automated tools would make the process more efficient. In this chapter, the author will briefly survey document engineering techniques for XML documents. Then, the author will present two techniques to extract data from Windows documents into XML documents. These two techniques have been successfully applied in two industrial projects. He believes that techniques that automate the extraction of data from non-XML documents into XML formats will definitely enhance the use of XML documents.

scholarly journals An Analytical Study of the Impact of Arbitrary Receive Antenna Correlation in TAS/MRC

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan P. Peña-Martín ◽  
Juan M. Romero-Jerez
Keyword(s):  
Closed Form ◽  
Channel Capacity ◽  
Antenna Selection ◽  
Mimo System ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Maximal Ratio Combining ◽  
Closed Form Expression ◽  
Transmit Antenna Selection ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
The Impact

Novel closed-form expressions are derived for the performance analysis of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system in Rayleigh fading using transmit antenna selection (TAS) at the transmitter and maximal ratio combining (MRC) at the receiver. Receive antennas are assumed to be arbitrarily correlated, as no restriction is imposed on the correlation matrix. General exact and asymptotic expressions to evaluate the bit error rate (BER) of different modulation schemes are presented for uncoded transmission, and a closed-form expression is presented for the channel capacity. It is demonstrated that channel capacity may improve due to correlation at the receive antennas if the transmit array size is large enough as a result of a higher signal variability and the antenna selection performed at the transmitter. Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out to validate the analysis, showing an excellent agreement with the theoretical results.

Power Allocation Algorithm Based on QoS Strategy in Power-Line Communication

2014 ◽  
Vol 981 ◽  
pp. 450-456
Author(s):  
Ke Zhou ◽  
Ying Deng ◽  
Wei He ◽  
Xia Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Power Allocation ◽  
Channel Capacity ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Power Line ◽  
Closed Form Expression ◽  
Modulation Scheme ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Allocation Algorithm

In order to maximize low power-line channel capacity within the limited transmission bandwidth, a new transmitting power allocation algorithm based on the quality of service (QoS) strategy is proposed in this paper.Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is considered to support remarkable capacity of power-line channel. In order to derive the closed form expression of the maximum channel capacity in an OFDM power communication system, the relationship between channel capacity, signal to noise ratio (SNR) and modulation scheme is analyzed.Furthermore, some influence factors of power-line channel capacity, such as branches number, branches length and end-load impendence are analyzed in this paper. Simulation result shows that the mainly factors that affect the channel capacity of low power-line are branch number and load impendence; the performance of proposed algorithm is superior to the existed water-filling algorithms at the same SNR.

Glutamate triggers long-distance, calcium-based plant defense signaling

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 361 (6407) ◽  
pp. 1112-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masatsugu Toyota ◽  
Dirk Spencer ◽  
Satoe Sawai-Toyota ◽  
Wang Jiaqi ◽  
Tong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Molecular Signaling ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Intracellular Calcium Ion ◽  
Calcium Ion Concentration

Animals require rapid, long-range molecular signaling networks to integrate sensing and response throughout their bodies. The amino acid glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system, facilitating long-range information exchange via activation of glutamate receptor channels. Similarly, plants sense local signals, such as herbivore attack, and transmit this information throughout the plant body to rapidly activate defense responses in undamaged parts. Here we show that glutamate is a wound signal in plants. Ion channels of the GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR–LIKE family act as sensors that convert this signal into an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration that propagates to distant organs, where defense responses are then induced.

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