Barriers for Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) to Pave Road to Supranationalism

Considering that the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) successfully brings forth intensive cooperation and prompts great intimacy among its members, many states perceive SCO as a promising regional organization for bridging their interests and shouldering their burden. Consequently, participation within SCO has expanded with the arrival of several new members and participants. Having in mind that its notoriety grown by leaps and bounds, can SCO increase its capability and competence as a regional organization by becoming a supranational one? Can SCO input supranationalism norms and values into its mechanism? This study argues that it is futile for us to expect that SCO possesses supranational capacity. The argument derives from the fact that SCO is the agent designed to safeguard its member’s sovereignty, and it consists of stubborn hegemonic power with bold nationalism. This study generated the aforementioned assessment by addressing the idea of supranationalism and implementing qualitative research and library research method.

ملازمت کے شرعی احکام (ایک تحقیقی جائزہ)

In our society a large number of people are associated with employment ranging from a gatekeeper, soldier, peon, clerk to prime minister, chief of army staff (COAS) Journals, chief justice, secretary, chief minister, doctors and professors all are employees infect. Most of social problems are linked to them, if all of them do their work correctly and honestly then most of our issues can be solved easily. Furthermore growth and prosperity of our economic system is dependent on the betterment of employment. Nations who ever works and shows interest in improving the employment system are the one who pave road for their economic prosperity. As an ordinary person himself needs a worker, therefore if Islamic practices are promoted in different disciplines of employment in human life then Islamic orders will revive and its effect will be seen in other departments as well. Therefore this study focuses and tends to guide Muslims working in employment sector in our society. This will help employed persons not only to up bring the Islamic teachings as well as can be helpful for human beings to guide them about Islam. It will act as a set of guidance for people working in government and non-government organizations, so that an employee could earn a true living under sharia orders and be helpful in promoting and development of a better society.

Assessment of Hand-Arm Vibration Exposure among Motorcyclist in Malaysia

Motorcyclists are road users that highly exposed to hand-arm vibration that may contribute to body discomfort and fatigue that eventually will lead to road accidents and injuries. The two main objectives of this study are to identify the body parts that experience discomfort among motorcyclist and to understand the vibration exposure effect on different road types. In this study, two research methodologies were used; first, a survey questionnaire of 100 motorcyclists and second, an experimental study on hand-arm vibration (HAV) measurement exposed on motorcyclist using accelerometer mounted on the right side handlebars of the motorcycle. Two male respondents with a different weight range, 45-65 kg and >70 kg are selected for this experiment. The experiment was conducted on two different types of roads: tarmac road and pave road within a speed limit of 20-40 m/s2. Results of the study showed that the motorcyclist usually experienced body discomfort at lower back, upper back, wrist, buttock and neck area. The root-mean-square (r.m.s) frequency-weighted acceleration on the handlebars of the motorcycles was in the range of 0.07 m/s r.m.s for the tarmac road and 0.42 m/s r.m.s for the pave road. This value shows that different road type is affecting the vibration exposed to the motorcyclist. Clearly there’s a vibration felt by the motorcyclist but not on the degree of causing pain but a prolonged exposure to this vibration may induce discomfort and injuries.

Accelerated Fatigue Tests of BS 080A42 Steel Using the WBE Mission Loadings

This paper describes the laboratory accelerated fatigue tests of BS 080A42 steel using the shortened variable amplitude (VA) loading produced by the Wavelet Bump Extraction (WBE) algorithm. In this study, a VA strain loading which was measured on the lower suspension arm of a vehicle while driven over a pavé road surface was used. The WBE shortened loading was validated based on the fatigue life comparison to the original loading using four strain-life fatigue damage models. Experimental fatigue tests were performed using a cylindrical shape specimen with the 6- mm gauge length smooth surface made from BS 080A42 steel. The experimental findings showed that the fatigue tests were accelerated from 78.8 hours to 32.5 hours, preserving at least 99% of the original fatigue damage in the mission loadings. Finally, it is suggested that the WBE algorithm is suitable for the application of automotive accelerated fatigue tests.

A Methodology for Active Control of Multibody Test-Rig for Virtual Simulation of Vehicles Through Acceleration Inputs

Dynamic simulation through Multibody Systems is more and more used for the design of new industrial products to avoid long and expensive experimental tests on them. The research presented in this paper deals with the realization of an actively controlled virtual test-rig, functional for comfort and durability tests of entire vehicles. The virtual test rig, is capable to impose any experimental acceleration to the centers of the four vehicle wheels through four imposed displacements to the actuators. The active control is implemented with four independent degrees of freedom, one for every actuator. In the paper the active controller logic and its automatic setup will be fully explained. Moreover it will be also explained how to avoid the aliasing and the so called “random signal drift” problems. Finally the results of some virtual pave road experiments to an existing vehicle will be presented.

Using a quarter-vehicle multi-body model to estimate the service loads of a suspension arm for durability calculations

Predicting the fatigue life of an automotive component requires stress histories that accurately reflect loading conditions. In practice, these loads can only be determined experimentally once a physical prototype exists. If durability is to influence the design process at an early stage, representative loading conditions must be evaluated virtually using tools such as the multi-body system (MBS) technique. This paper investigates the simulation of loading conditions for a suspension arm of a multipurpose vehicle using a quarter-vehicle model (QVM) of varying complexity. Like the physical durability test, the model is driven over a virtual pavé road, which subjects the virtual prototype to inputs likely to cause significant damage, thus placing exacting demands on the model. Though predicted resonant frequencies are close to those measured, comparison between experiment and simulation reveals discrepancies in the amplitudes of acceleration. Possible causes are investigated by studying the sensitivity of the QVM to parameters such as the tyre model and bushing. The paper concludes that, if the virtual prototype is subjected to large amplitude inputs such as those generated by a pavé road, the QVM may not adequately predict representative loading conditions, and a full-vehicle model may be required.