A Comprehensive Ayurvedic Review on Arma and its Management

Arma is a disease of Shukla mandala. In Ayurveda it has been described under Shuklagta Sadhya Vyadhi. This is a disease in which, a wing like triangular fibro-vascular layer or structure gradually encroaching towards the Krisna Mandala from either Kaneenika (Inner canthus) or Apanga Sandhi (outer canthus) of the eye. If this layer invades the cornea (Krisna Mandala) which is transparent in nature causes damage of the transparency of that part of cornea and thereby may cause disturbance in vision. On the basis of signs and symptoms described by the modern medical science, the disease ‘Arma’ can be correlated with Pterygium. This article gives a brief description about Nidanpanchak described in Samhita related to Arma in which Nidan, Purvroop, Roopa, and Sampapti ghatak described in detail. Along with Nidanpanchak detail description of types of Arma, Sadhya-asadhyatv, Chikitsa vivechan, Updrav, and Pathya-pathya mentioned in Samhita. The first and foremost method of treatment of Arma is Chedana Karma. However in the initial stage it can be treated with Lekhana Anjanas. Lekhan and Chedan is the main line of treatment of Arma. This article also defines the surgical procedure of Arma.

Ayurvedic conceptual study of Arma w. s. r. to Pterygium

In Ayurveda Samhita Grantha “Arma” is described under ‘’Shuklagata netraroga‟. Arma is a mamsal vruddhi [fleshy growth] developing either from Kaneenika sandhi [inner canthus] or Apanga Sandhi [outer canthus] , or both sides which may progress towards Krishna Mandal [Cornea] . A pterygium is a benign, fleshy triangle of tissue that typically develops in the inner corner of the eye. A Pterygium will not usually cause serious health complications. However, it can sometimes cause discomfort and problems with vision. Prevention, conservative treatment or sometimes surgery is advised for treatment of pterygium.

A CASE STUDY ON ANJANANAMIKA W.S.R TO STYE

Stye is an infection of the sebaceous glands of zeis at the base of the eye lashes, or an infection of the apocrine glands of moll. In Ayurvedic science, based on clinical signs and symptoms, stye can be correlated to Anjananamika where the symptoms include Dahatodavatitamrapidaka– i.e., boil which will be in Tamravarna associated with burning sensation and pricking sensation at Vartmapradesha i.e., in the lid and the other symptoms includes Mridvimandaruja– it will be soft and associated with mild pain. The line of treatment of the disease Anjananamika (stye) includes Swedana (hot compress), Nishpidana (pressure applying to drain out pus), Bhedana (incision), Pratisarana (rubbing of medicaments over the lids), Anjana (collyrium). The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of Bidalaka and Aschyotana along with internal medicines. A 19-year female patient approached the Shalakya tantra OPD of Sri Paripoorna Sanathana Ayurveda Medical College, Hospital and Research centre, Nelamangala, Bangalore with the complaints of swelling in the left eye lid since 3 days with mild pain and redness of the eyes. On examination, the whole edge of the left eye lid was oedematous along with the presence of an abscess in outer canthus. On these signs and symptoms, the patient was diagnosed as a case of stye and advised Kriyakalpa based on the Roga and Rogibala along with internal medicines which have given promising results with the complete absence of the symptoms within 10 days.

Craniofacial measures and minor physical anomalies in patients with schizophrenia in a cohort of Serbian population

Introduction/Objective. Craniofacial dysmorphology has been shown as the most prominent among physical anomalies in schizophrenia patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of craniofacial anomalies in Serbian schizophrenia patients. Methods. A list of 27 minor physical anomalies (modified Waldrop scale) and nine ratios of craniofacial measures was used to detect the presence of craniofacial dysmorphology in 126 schizophrenia patients and 124 healthy controls. Results. Compared to the healthy subjects, schizophrenia patients had significantly higher rates of the following minor physical anomalies: fine hair, two or more hair whorls, fused eyebrows, wide nose basis, low-seated ears, high steepled and high flat palate, and furrowed tongue (most prevalent were vertical fissures and diffusely distributed fissures) with significance of p ? 0.001. The best predicting parameters for distinguishing between schizophrenics and controls were the inner canthus distance, the outer canthus distance, hair whorls (all at level p = 0.000), and high steepled palate (p ? 0.001). Conclusion. The results of the present study confirm the neurodevelopmental concept of schizophrenia, being potentially useful for further psychiatric-anthropological research. Clinical significance is reflected in the possibility of monitoring the potential mental illness in childhood through potential ectodermal markers, as well as the possibility of their comparison with the psychological profile in early adolescence.

A clinical study- management of Arma with Nayansukhavarti Anjan

Eyes are the most sensitive and vulnerable part of our body. Air born infection, UV rays, pollutants, dust and other particles can land directly on the surface of eye, causing eye disease. Arma is defined as gradually developing continuous wing like growth in shukla mandla from either Kaninika sandhi (inner canthus) or Apang sandhi (outer canthus) towards Krishna mandala, causing discomfort in eye. Pterygium found in people residing in tropical and subtropical area. Risk factor included outdoor work, exposure to sunlight, dry and dusty climate etc. Due to geographic and climatic condition Pterygium is a common ocular disorder in India. The Ayurvedic science can be explored to find a better alternative to manage this condition. Arma which is in the early stage having thin membrane and curd like bluish/ red coloured and smoky should be treated by lekhana anjan and recurrence rate is very rare after anjana kriyakalpa. So considering all facts Nayansukha varti anjana selected for Arma chikitsa. In the present study, 10 patients of Arma were selected and administered Nayansukha varti anjana (Pradhan karma) after Deepan-pachan & Nasya karma (Poorvakarma) and shamana chikitsa with triphala churna. Nayansukha varti anjana have lekhaniya and rasayana property which is useful in Arma chikitsa. A significant relief was found in signs & symptoms of Arma after the treatment and no any adverse effect found after treatment. Drugs used in treatment are easily available drugs and cost-effective.

Epileptogenesis in neurocutaneous disorders with focus in Sturge Weber syndrome

Epilepsy is a major morbidity in Sturge Weber syndrome, a segmental vascular neurocutaneous disorder classically associated with facial angiomas, glaucoma, and leptomeningeal capillary-venous type vascular malformations. The extent of the latter correlates with neurological outcome. Post-zygotic mosaicism for the activating mutation p.R183Q of the GNAQ gene has been identified as the major cause. GNAQ encodes for an alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein critical to blood vessel development. The earlier the timing of the mutation in development, the more severe the involvement, e.g. from isolated port-wine stains to the full syndrome. The strongest predictors of adverse outcomes are MRI and the presence of angiomas involving any part of the forehead, delineated inferiorly from the outer canthus of the eye to the top of the ear, and including the upper eyelid. The neurological course may be progressive and the typical constellation of symptoms is focal onset seizures, hemiparesis, headache, stroke-like episodes, behavior problems, intellectual disability, and visual field deficits. Antiseizure medications are effective in about half of patients. The presence of localized seizures, focal neurological deficits, and drug resistant epilepsy indicate epilepsy surgical evaluation. Earlier seizure onset, i.e. before six months of age, is associated with a more severe course with significant residual deficits. Factors contributing to epileptogenesis include decreased brain tissue perfusion due to abnormal venous drainage, anoxic injury contributing to cerebral calcification, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and the presence of developmental cortical malformations. Pre-symptomatic prophylactic treatment may be a future option to modify the course of the disease including the associated epileptogenesis.

Eye-rima oris distance and its relation to the vertical dimension of occlusion measured by two methods: Anthropometric study in a sample of Yemeni dental students

ABSTRACT Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the distance measured from the distal outer of the eye to the parting line of the lips and the occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) measured by two methods. Methods: One hundred and fourteen dental students (76 males and 38 females) were recruited for this study with mean age (22.34 ± 1.83) years. The distance from distal canthus of the eye to rima oris (eye-RO) was compared with two different measurements of the OVD (nasal [N] to gnathion [Gn], and subnasal [Sn] to menton [Me]). All distances were measured using modified digital caliper. Results: Pearson correlation coefficient test for correlations and paired samples t-test for differences were used with a significant level of (P < 0.05). There was a positive significant correlation between the eye-RO distance and the two measurements of the OVD. However, this correlation was stronger between eye-RO and the distance from the tip of the nose to the tip of the chin than that between eye-RO and the distance from the septum of the nose to the under of the chin (r = 0.313 with P = 0.0007, r = 0.296 with P = 0.0014), respectively. Conclusion: The distance from the outer canthus of the eye to the parting of the lips seems to be a reliable method in predicting the OVD and should relate to the distance from the tip of the nose to the tip of the chin.