Landing and distribution of captured fish in selected landing centers in Kishoreganj haor, Bangladesh

The present study illustrates species diversity, landing quality and catch composition of fish in 10 fish landing centers of 5 haor upazilas of Kishoreganj haor for 12 months from January 2018 to December 2018. A total of 15 different types of fishing gears were detected to harvest fish in different stations throughout a year. Most of the fishing (46.88%) was conducted by small groups of 2 – 5 fishers, while 24.87% of the fishing was conducted by 6 – 10 fishers. The average depth of water in haor associated rivers and inundated lands during monsoon period varied from 4.87±0.99 to 15.2±6.71 and 2.6±0.55 to 6.2±2.68 feet respectively. Fifty different types of fish species were landed in the selected 10 landing centers, where both cultured fish and captured fish were present. Fishes under the Cyprinidae family included 9 species, viz. Labeo rohita. Gebelion catla, Cirrhinus cirrhosus, Labeo calbasu, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Labeo gonius covered a maximum of 12450.61±468.32 MT. The second largest landed fish under the family Schilbeidae included 4 species Silonia silondia, Mystus armatus, Mystus cavasius Pseudeutropius atherinoides. Other fish species landed were identified as: 4 species under the family Mastacembelidae, 2 species under Siluridae, 3 species under Clupidae, 1 species under Ambassidae, 2 species under Palaemonidae, 3 species under Channidae, 1 species under Gobidae, 2 species under Bagridae and 1 species from each of the family Heteropneustidae, Pangasiidae, Clariidae, Ailiidae, Botiidae, Nandidae, Cichlidae, Anabantidae, Osphronemidae, Ambassidae, Notopteridae, Notopteridae,Belonidae and Gobiidae. Highest number 14 species landed were under catfish category, followed by 9 species of major carp. The captured total fish landed in 10 landing centers in 12 month period accounted 12,574±1029.64 MT, but the cumulative total landed fish, including pond fish, was 15,795±1666061.93 MT, as calculated by 45 Aratdars of 10 landing centers. About 88.35% fishermen sold the captured fish at local arat, but the rest (11.65%) were sold to large traders (paiker), retailers and consumers. A 56.6% of the fishermen cleaned the captured fish by river water, while 43.4% fishermen did not use water for washing fish before selling. After harvest, 45.62% fishers used clean utensils for carrying fish to arat and 54.38% used uncleaned utensils. Average harvest per fishermen per day was 23.9 kg, of which 22.26 kg was sold in the market and 1.64 kg was used for own family consumption. Out of total fish landed, a 45.2% was transported by fish hold of the country boat, 21.9% by bamboo basket and 14.8% by plastic crate. Relatively small quantity of fish was transported by insulated ice box (4.7%), aluminum container (2.7%) and gunny bag (3.2%). A 32.6% fisherman used ice and 67.4 % fishermen did not use ice after harvesting of fish. During fishing season, fish and ice ratio used by the transporters was 2.62:1. The highest number of auctioneers were found in Chamra Ghat of Karimganj, while lowest were in Nikli, with an area of 55±1.44 and 25±8.42 decimal area per auctioneers being used for fish business. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2021, 6 (2), 75-88

Feeding frequency on the growth and production of endemic near-threatened Ompok pabda (Hamilton 1822) in pond setup

Growth and production of near threatened Ompok pabda (Hamilton) were examined at different feeding frequencies in the present study. The experiment was conducted for four months in three earthen ponds from 1st April to 31st July 2018 at Tanore Upazila in Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. The experiment was performed using pabda, (Ompok pabda) fingerling (average) to study the effect of feeding frequency on growth performance. The study carried out considering three treatments, namely T1, T2, and T3; while the feeding frequency was two times per day in treatment T1, three times per day in treatment T2, and four times per day in treatment T3. Fish were fed considering three-stage of life span; these were fingerling stage, early growing stage, and growing stage. In the fry stage, the fishes were fed 20% feed, in the fingerlings stage the fish were fed 10% feed and in the growing stage, the fish were fed 8% feed of the body weight. The mean water temperature ranged between 27.13±2.10 and 27.29±2.16 °C among treatments, while water transparency ranged between 31.91±1.58 and 29.96±1.84 cm. pH ranged between 7.62±0.14 and 7.70±0.19; while the mean dissolved oxygen was ranged between 5.35±0.11 and 5.56±0.14 among treatments. The final weight gain was found to be highest (56.36±0.01) in the treatment T2 and lowest (38.23±0.01) in the treatment T3. The SGR value was higher (3.94±0.01) in the treatments T2 followed by treatments T1 and T3. Net weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) higher in feeding frequency three (56.36±0.1), followed by feeding frequency four (38.23±0.1) and feeding frequency two (40.67±0.73). The FCR value ranged between 1.90 and 2.87 among treatments. The growth performance and specific growth rate were significantly (p<0.05) higher in feeding frequency three. The highest (4049.1±0.1 kg/ha/120 days) production was observed in T2. Best cost benefit ratio was gained in treatment T2. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2021, 6 (2), 89-102

Aqua medicines, drugs and chemicals (AMDC) used in freshwater aquaculture of South-Eastern Bangladesh

A broad variety of aquaculture-related medications, drugs, and chemicals (AMDC) are extensively used in the aquaculture industry in South-Eastern Bangladesh. Fish farmers are worried about the quality of their final product, and disease outbreaks must be stopped at all costs. Farmers are sometimes one ahead of the curve when it comes to producing healthy final products by including probiotics, vitamins, and minerals into their aquaculture setups to promote early and disease-free output. However, the current study was carried out in south eastern Bangladesh, specifically in the highly dense aquaculture regions of Chandpur, Cumilla, and Feni district (17 upazilas), from November 2016 to January 2018. Questions were asked through interviews and a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was held to gather primary data. The major target groups were aquaculture farmers, AMDC shops, pharmaceutical company employees, and hatchery owners. In this three-county area, according to the findings from the thorough research, there are a total of 33 companies that advertise 330 generics brand products via their own distributional channels. Among the available AMDC products in the study area, growth promoters were mostly abundant products among all categories while other products such as predator removal products, insecticides and ectoparasiticides, water quality and pond management, plankton producer, plankton bloom cleaner, disinfectant and disease treatment, toxic gas reducer, pH controller, oxygen supply, stress reducer, growth promoter, probiotics and antibiotics were most selling products to the farmers. The present study revealed 19 generic of antibiotics were available and prescribed by the AMDC vendors or aquaculture disease consultants (ADC) around the regions. Additionally, the research also included the dosages of AMDC and the method of administration in the aquaculture pond, which will assist both the farmers and the ADC in selecting and suggesting the appropriate medications or treatments that may be beneficial to the farmers in the long run. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2021, 6 (2), 103-127

Estimation of residue degradation of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in brinjal, tomato and cauliflower under supervised field trial

A study was carried out to detect and estimate the residue of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in brinjal, tomato and cauliflower using Gas Chromatography (GC) coupled with Electron Capture Detector (ECD) and Flame Thermionic Detector (FTD). Three supervised field trials were conducted and sprayed with the recommended dose of cypermethrin (1 ml/L of water) and chlorpyrifos (3 ml/L of water) in three vegetables by knapsack sprayer. Samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 days after spray (DAS). The quantity of cypermethrin residue was above EU-MRLs (Maximum Residue Limit set by European Union) up to 4 DAS with 0.538 mg/kg in cauliflower; 3 DAS with 0.508 mg/kg in brinjal and 0.695 mg/kg in tomato. The quantity decreased down 0.328-0.019 mg/kg in cauliflower (4-9 DAS); 0.098-0.012 mg/kg (4-7 DAS) in brinjal and 0.458-0.022 mg/kg (4-7 DAS) in tomato which were below EU-MRLs (0.5 mg/kg). The quantity of chlorpyrifos residue was above EU-MRLs up to 9 DAS with 0.012 mg/kg in cauliflower but in brinjal and tomato, the detected quantities were above EU-MRLs up to 7 DAS with 0.029 mg/kg and 0.017 mg/kg residue. No residue was detected from brinjal and tomato samples collected at 8 DAS. But in cauliflower, no residue was detected at 10 days after spray. So, brinjal, tomato and cauliflower can be harvested safely at 4 DAS and 5 DAS for cypermethrin and in case of chlorpyrifos it was 8 DAS in brinjal and tomato and 10 DAS in cauliflower. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2021, 6 (2), 60-67

Trends of bivalve (Bivalvia) research in East Malaysia: a systematic review

The unique biodiversity in Malaysia makes this country a global hotspot for different aspects of research. Many European and non-native research activities are conducting by different research groups, whereas local institutions also collaborate with them to explore the pristine nature of west (peninsular Malaysia) and East Malaysia (Sarawak and Sabah province). East Malaysia is located in Borneo Island, and the biodiversity of this area are huge. The current review work scrutinized the information about the research activities on aquatic bivalve species and their different aspects of the investigation. This investigation revealed, to date 28 research publications were published on aquatic bivalves from eastern Malaysia, where biodiversity, conservation and ecology was the major aspect of research. The other aspects were aquaculture, natural history and taxonomy, nutritional study, reproduction of bivalve, morphology, and pollution can be mentionable. The major portion of this eastern Malaysia are not investigated and it is assumed that many species are still not reported. Further studies demand to explore the vast bivalve biodiversity of this part of Malaysia. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2021, 6 (2), 50-59

Efficacy of vermicompost and biochar on the growth and yield of green cabbage

Organic production of Green Cabbage may ensure the nutritional status and food safety for the consumers, but maintaining the productivity and economic viability of inorganic production is almost impossible for farmers of Bangladesh. At this context, a study was carried out at the Horticulture farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from October 2017 to March 2018 to evaluate the efficacy of vermicompost and biochar on agronomic properties and economic of cabbage. Four biochar treatments, ( B0: 0 t ha-1 biochar, B1 :2 t ha-1 , B2 :6 t ha-1 and B3 :10 t ha-1) and three vermicompost treatments (Vc0 : 0 t ha-1, Vc1 :4 t ha-1 and Vc2 :8 t ha-1 ) were selected. B0Vc0 was considered as control. The results revealed that maximum highest plant height, number of leaves plant-1, leaf length, leaf breadth and plant spread were obtained when the B3 was mixed withVc2. But the thickness of head (10.29 cm), diameter of head (16.66 cm), % dry matter of cabbage (14.93%), weight of cabbage head plant-1 (1370 g) and yield of cabbage (52.75 t ha-1) were obtained from the treatment combination of B2Vc2. In terms of economic sustainability, the net return (Tk 523598) with highest BCR (3.70) was obtained from the treatment combination of B1Vc1.These results provide prove the effectiveness of biochar and vermicompost in sustainable Cabbage production. It also provides baseline guidelines for further investigation of choosing the appropriate combination of organic amendments based on crop requirement to maximize economic value. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2021, 6 (2), 68-74

Nutrient composition of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) fruits

The Nelumbo nucifera known as sacred lotus is an ornamental plant having medicinal possessions. Lotus seeds, which are currently the oldest known plant seeds, contain many functional constituents. The seeds have been widely used as both medicine and food. In the present studies, the nutrient composition of collected from two separate beels at Tarakanda, Mymensingh were determined. The nutrient composition was determined as moisture 17.727 (± 0.053), ash 9.49 (± 0.059), crude protein 16.563 (± 0.076), crude lipids 4.146 (± 0.038), crude fiber 7.755 (± 0.045), carbohydrate 44.042 (± 0.011). The results showed that lotus seeds contained a high content of moisture, crude protein, crude lipids, crude fiber, ash and carbohydrate. From this research, it found that lotus seeds were rich in crude protein and carbohydrate. The study may conclude that seeds could be incorporated in feed formulation as a source of nutrients. The present experiment may provide a guideline for the use of lotus seeds as human food. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2020, 5 (3), 115-120

Comparative seasonal assessment on the quality of Black Bengal goat oocytes in view of in vitro embryo production

In vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes provide an excellent opportunity for cheap and abundant embryos for carrying out animal improvement. With the aim for studying the quality of oocyte in different seasons of Black Bengal goat, both right and left ovaries were collected from the slaughter houses. For each of the specimens, gross parameters such as right, left, corpus luteum (CL)-present and corpus luteum (CL)-absent group were evaluated on the basis of weight (g), length (cm), width (cm), follicles aspirated and number and state of cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs), normal COCs and abnormal COCs, the effect of season on cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) of goat oocytes. Our study revealed that the average number of follicles and oocytes recovery rate were higher in summer than in winter season and recovery rate of grade A and B oocytes were higher in summer than that of in winter and recovery rate of grade C and D were higher in winter than that of in summer. In the present study a significantly greater number of oocytes per ovary were recovered from ovaries without a corpus luteum than from ovaries with a corpus luteum. So the summer was the best season for recovery of COCs which have a worthy competence to be matured in vitro. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2020, 5 (3), 78-87

Study on sustainable livelihoods of fishers from Chalan beel, Bangladesh

An assessment was carried out to observe the impacts of fish sanctuary on the livelihoods from fishers of Ruhul beel and Bamonji beel under Chalan beel in Pabna district of Bangladesh. Data were collected from selected sanctuary sites with prepared and pretested questionnaire and analyzed through statistical tests like ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), regression, correlation, Chi-square were used to identify the relationships between variables and significant differences/association among them. From physical capital point of view, it was found that 91.3% of fishermen’s houses were katcha, 6.52% were semi-pacca, and only 2.17% were pucca in case of Ruhul beel and in case of Bamonji beel 90.54% of fishermen’s houses were katcha, 8.11% were semi-pacca, and only 1.35% were pacca. There was no significant variation (ANOVA; P>0.05, Chi Square test; non-significant at 0.05 level) among the residences by well-being. From human capital, average age of the household heads (HHH) was 37.95(±) 1.354 for Ruhul beel respectively, whereas for Bamonji beel the average age were 38.05(±) 1.064. The medium aged group fishermen were dominant in Ruhul beel than Bamonji beel. There were no significant difference (P>0.05) found between the age groups by well-being. From income capital it was observed highest part of income were come from fishing contributing 64.89% (653.72±128.82 US$), 43.58% (431.89±74.66 US$) for Ruhul beel and Bamonji beel respectively. As per as natural and social capital, average used land holding was 0.274±0.136 ranging 0.065 ha to 0.534 ha for Ruhul beel and 0.228±0.305 ha ranging 0.040 to 0.267 ha for Bamonji beel. The average land holdings did not vary significantly (P>0.05) between the sites. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2020, 5 (3), 100-114

Anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste generated from Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) cafeteria for lactic acid production

Due to accelerated economic growth and increased food production, per capita rate of waste generation is also increasing in Bangladesh. Being the ninth most populous and twelfth most densely populated country in the world, Bangladesh will face serious crisis in both food scarcity as well as food loss if food wastage problem is not addressed. At household level, 5.5 percent food is wasted on daily basis. Due to its large volume, the disposal of food waste will be a major problem. Production of Organic acid from kitchen waste via anaerobic digestion can eliminate both waste pollution problem and high cost production of organic acid. Such organic acid can be used in food and beverages, cosmetics, and detergent industries. The present study was undertaken to convert kitchen waste generated from cafeteria of Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE), Savar, Dhaka into lactic acid using natural microflora. The number of indigenous microflora in kitchen waste were found to be 1.25×107 cfu/mL and pH range of 5.0-6.0. The ratio of rice, meat and vegetables in the kitchen waste was found to be 3:1:1. Kitchen waste was found to contain approximately 19.03% protein, 3.2% fat and 1.5% ash. Anaerobic digestion was carried out in shake flasks at various initial pH (5.0, 6.0 and 7.0) and different temperature (30℃, 37℃ and 45℃) for 96 hours. Highest lactic acid from Kitchen waste was produced (24.00 g/L) at 24 h at initially adjusted pH-7.0. An attempt to recover Lactic acid from fermented broth was conducted using rotary evaporation at 100℃ and at (60-65) cm. Hg vac. The results indicated that, the volume of food waste can be greatly reduced and can be converted into value-added products such as lactic acid via anaerobic fermentation. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2020, 5 (3), 88-99