Estimation of residue degradation of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in brinjal, tomato and cauliflower under supervised field trial

A study was carried out to detect and estimate the residue of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in brinjal, tomato and cauliflower using Gas Chromatography (GC) coupled with Electron Capture Detector (ECD) and Flame Thermionic Detector (FTD). Three supervised field trials were conducted and sprayed with the recommended dose of cypermethrin (1 ml/L of water) and chlorpyrifos (3 ml/L of water) in three vegetables by knapsack sprayer. Samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 days after spray (DAS). The quantity of cypermethrin residue was above EU-MRLs (Maximum Residue Limit set by European Union) up to 4 DAS with 0.538 mg/kg in cauliflower; 3 DAS with 0.508 mg/kg in brinjal and 0.695 mg/kg in tomato. The quantity decreased down 0.328-0.019 mg/kg in cauliflower (4-9 DAS); 0.098-0.012 mg/kg (4-7 DAS) in brinjal and 0.458-0.022 mg/kg (4-7 DAS) in tomato which were below EU-MRLs (0.5 mg/kg). The quantity of chlorpyrifos residue was above EU-MRLs up to 9 DAS with 0.012 mg/kg in cauliflower but in brinjal and tomato, the detected quantities were above EU-MRLs up to 7 DAS with 0.029 mg/kg and 0.017 mg/kg residue. No residue was detected from brinjal and tomato samples collected at 8 DAS. But in cauliflower, no residue was detected at 10 days after spray. So, brinjal, tomato and cauliflower can be harvested safely at 4 DAS and 5 DAS for cypermethrin and in case of chlorpyrifos it was 8 DAS in brinjal and tomato and 10 DAS in cauliflower. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2021, 6 (2), 60-67

The efficiency of various household processing for removing chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in Chinese kale and Pakchoi

The vegetables, Chinese kale and Pakchoi, which are popular among the Thai people, are found to have problems with residues of pesticide. The pesticide residues in both Kale and Pakchoi were chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin. This research was to study the efficiency of pesticide residue reduction in Chinese kale and Pakchoi samples by using various household wash processing. The process included washing with normal water, 0.10% NaCl, baking soda, water flowing, and blanching. Pesticide residues were extracted from Chinese kale and Pakchoi to determine the amount of chlorpyriphos and cypermethrin residue by using analytical tools such as Gas Chromatography— Flame Photometric Detector (FPD) and Gas Chromatography—Electron Capture Detector (ECD). The results showed that the household processes for reducing the chlorpyrifos residue in Chinese kale and Pakchoi were the following: residues were reduced by 52.70–65.41%, 58.33–62.14%, 59.46–80.52%, and 46.04–62.85% when washed with normal water, 0.10% NaCl, baking soda, and water flowing through, respectively. Similarly, the household processes for reducing cypermethrin residue in Chinese kale and Pakchoi were the following: residues were reduced by 51.13–66.29%, 33.75–45.65%, 38.14–63.64%, and 44.88–61.63% when washed with normal water, 10% NaCl, baking soda, and water flowing through, respectively. Also, blanching reduced the chlorpyrifos residue by 37.96–50.44% and the cypermethrin residue by 47.86–52.42%. Therefore, while washing vegetables by soaking and dissolving substances, baking soda is the most effective when used for washing for at least 15 min to reduce the residue of pesticides. The consumers should be provided vegetables that are cleaned and have had a proper washing for removing pesticide residues and toxic residues.

REMEDIASI RESIDU INSEKTISIDA KLORPIRIFOS PADA PERTANAMAN CABAI MERAH (Capsicum annum L.) DI TANAH TEKSTUR RINGAN DAN TEKSTUR BERAT

Chlorpyrifos is widely used by farmers as a contact poison to control leaf and fruit pests in red chilies. Chlorpyrifos is very toxic to the environment and to living things, although it is easily degraded and has a short half-life. Remediation materials in the form of activated charcoal, biochar, and microbial consortium are effective remediation technologies to reduce insecticide residues. Each compound has different characteristics based on the type and texture of the soil. Research with the aim of determining the ability of remediation agents in reducing chlorpyrifos insecticide residues was carried out in the screen house of the Agricultural Environment Research Institute between May-November 2017. The results showed that the effectiveness of reducing chlorpyrifos residue in the soil was different according to its texture. Application of 2 l / ha of consortium microbes was effective in lowered chlorpyrifos residue in lightweight-texture soils, while biochar-coated urea was effective in reducing chlorpyrifos residues in weight-textured soils. Urea coated with activated charcoal showed relatively stable red chilli yields in the two types of soil textures.

Dampak Cemaran Residu Klorpirifos Terhadap Penurunan Kualitas Lingkungan pada Lahan Pertanian

Abstrak Bawang merah merupakan salah satu komoditas hortikultural penting yang dikonsumsi oleh penduduk Indonesia. Insektisida golongan organofosfat yang digunakan petani bawang merah mengandung senyawa klorpirifos. Penggunaan pestisida dengan intensitas yang terlalu tinggi dan berkelanjutan menimbulkan berbagai masalah kesehatan dan pencemaran lingkungan, penurunan produktivitas tanah, keracunan pada hewan dan manusia. Penelitian ini menganalisis dampak cemaran residu klorpirifos terhadap penurunan kualitas lingkungan pada lahan pertanian. Metode pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling. Penentuan kadar residu klorpirifos dalam tanah menggunakan gas kromatografi dengan detektor ECD dan uji regresi linear. Kadar residu klorpirifos terbesar pada penggunaan insektisida dengan konsentrasi 1,0% atau 10.000 mg/kg yaitu sebesar 1,83 mg/kg. Hasil pengujian sampel A, B, C, D dan E menunjukkan tingginya kadar residu klorpirifos karena melebihi batas maksimum residu klorpirifos sebesar 2 mg/kg. Dampak cemaran residu klorpirifos dalam tanah dapat menyebabkan perubahan pH, turunnya jumlah organisme dalam tanah serta turunnya kandungan C-organik dan N-total tanah. Abstract Shallots are one of the important horticultural commodities that are consumed by Indonesians. The organophosphate class insecticide used by shallot farmers contains chlorpyrifos compounds. The use of pesticides with too high intensity and sustainable causes various health problems and environmental pollution, decreased soil productivity, is potentially poisoning to animals and humans. The study analysed the impact of chlorpyrifos residue contamination on environmental quality degradation in agricultural land. The sampling method used was purposive sampling.The determination of chlorpyrifos residue in the soil was undertakeun using gas chromatography with an ECD detector and a linear regression test. The highest residual chlorpyrifos concentration was found in the use of insecticides with a concentration of 1.0% or 10,000 mg / kg, which was 1.83 mg / kg. The test results of samples A, B, C, D and E showed high levels of chlorpyrifos residue because they exceeded the maximum residue limit of 2 mg / kg chlorpyrifos. The impact of chlorpyrifos residue contamination in the soil can cause pH changes, a decrease in the number of organisms in the soil and a decrease in the total soil C-organic and N-content.

Literature Review: Food Processing in Minimizing Chemical Contamination of Rhodamin B in Shrimp Paste and Chlorpirifos Residue in Fresh Vegetables Garnish Which are Circulating in the Communities in Indonesia

Introduction: Food circulation among communities is prone to chemical contamination. The contamination is obtained from both food processing and food cultivation (planting, raw materials). One of the examples related to chemical contamination can be seen in the contamination of rhodamine B on Terasi. Although there is a prohibition on using Rhodamine B compounds in food add-ons, which is listed in Regulation of Ministry of Health of Republic Indonesia No.722/Menkes/Per/IX/1988, its usage is widely found. Similarly, chlorpyrifos pesticide residue in lalapan is the other example provided. The usage of it remains to continue even though the result of pesticide residue value is under BMR SNI 7313:2008. The article aims to study food processing efforts in minimizing the chemical contamination of Rhodamine B in shrimp terasi and chlorpyrifos residue in the lalapan vegetables in the communities in Indonesia. A literature review on scientific publications was undertaken through Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Neliti, ScienceDirect, LIPI, Directory Open Acces Journal, and Crossref. The keywords used were related to rhodamin B on terasi, synthetic dyes on terasi, natural dyes for terasi, vegetable pesticide residues, Chlorpyrifos residue on vegetables, and how to reduce chlorpyrifos residue in vegetables. All of them were published between the 2015 – 2020 period. Discussion: Chlorpyrifos residue in vegetables can be reduced by washing, soaking brine, and boiling. The usage of rhodamine B on Terasi can be replaced by the application of dragon fruit skin extract and angkak (red yeast rice) for natural dye alternatives. Conclusion: Washing food with running water and soaking it in hot water before food consumption can lower chlorpyrifos residue level in dark vegetables. However, it is more significant to lover the residue level through the boiling step. The use of natural pesticides can be used as the choice of alternative. Moreover, rhodamine B on terasi can be replaced with natural dye alternatives such as angkak (red yeast rice) and dragon fruit skin extract.

Monitoring of the Organophosphate Pesticide Chlorpyrifos in Vegetable Samples from Local Markets in Northern Thailand by Developed Immunoassay

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide that is wildly used among farmers for crop protection. However, there are concerns regarding its contamination in the environment and food chain. In the present study, an in-house indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) specific for detecting chlorpyrifos is developed and validated against gas chromatography–flame photometric detection (GC-FPD) as the conventional method. The developed ic-ELISA was used for detecting chlorpyrifos residue in vegetable samples. The developed ic-ELISA showed good sensitivity to chlorpyrifos at an IC50 of 0.80 µg/kg, with low cross-reactivity to other organophosphate pesticides. The 160 samples were collected from local markets located in the Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, and Nan provinces in northern Thailand. The positive rate of chlorpyrifos residues in the vegetable samples was 33.8%, with the highest levels found in cucumbers, coriander, and morning glory, at 275, 145, and 35.3 µg/kg, respectively. The highest median levels of chlorpyrifos found in the detected samples were Chinese cabbage (332 μg/kg), cucumber (146.3 μg/kg) and Chinese Kale (26.95 μg/kg). The developed ic-ELISA is suitable for the rapid quantitation of chlorpyrifos residues.