Gassing Tendency of Fresh and Aged Mineral Oil and Ester Fluids under Electrical and Thermal Fault Conditions

Operational factors are known to affect the health of an in-service power transformer and to reduce the capabilities and readiness for energy transmission and distribution. Hence, it is important to understand the degradation rate and corresponding behavioral aspects of different insulating fluids under various fault conditions. In this article, the behavior of mineral oil and two environmentally friendly fluids (a synthetic and a natural ester) are reported under arcing, partial discharges, and thermal fault conditions. Arcing, partial discharges and thermal faults are simulated by 100 repeated breakdowns, top oil electrical discharge of 9 kV for five hours, and local hotspots respectively by using different laboratory-based setups. Some physicochemical properties along with the gassing tendency of fresh and aged insulating liquids are investigated after the different fault conditions. UV spectroscopy and turbidity measurements are used to report the degradation behavior and dissolved gas analysis is used to understand the gassing tendency. The changes in the degradation rate of oil under the influence of various faults and the corresponding dissolved gasses generated are analyzed. The fault gas generations are diagnosed by Duval’s triangle and pentagon methods for mineral and non-mineral oils. It is inferred that; the gassing tendency of the dielectric fluids evolve with respect to the degradation rate and is dependent on the intensity and type of fault.

Analisis Gas Terlarut pada Minyak Isolasi sebagai Indikator Kegagalan Transformator Daya dengan Metode Dissolved Gas Analysis

Transformator daya merupakan peralatan utama dan yang paling penting dalam sistem penyaluran tenaga listrik. Sistem operasional pada transformator daya ini terdapat permasalahan yang umum terjadi seperti kegagalan thermal dan kegagalan elektris. Kegagalan thermal dan elektris umumnya menghasilkan fault gas. Minyak isolasi pada transformator daya selain sebagai pendingin juga berfungsi melarutkan gas-gas akibat kegagalan thermal dan kegagalan elektris. Informasi mengenai adanya indikasi kegagalan pada transformator dapat diperoleh dari hasil identifikasi jenis dan jumlah konsentrasi gas yang terlarut dalam minyak, atau biasa disebut dengan metode Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA). Metode DGA dapat dilakukan dengan Total Dissolved Combustible Gas (TDCG), Key Gas, Roger’s Ratio, Ratio CO2/CO, dan Duval’s Triangle yang sesuai dengan IEEE std. C57-104.1991 dan IEC 60599. TDCG juga dapat digunakan untuk menentukan jadwal pengujian DGA. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan, Transformator Daya II Gardu Induk Tanggul pada tahun 2011,2012 dan 2013 dengan metode TDCG transformator dalam kondisi 2, Key Gas diperoleh CO sebagai gas kunci dengan indikasi kegagalan overheating cellulose,Ratio CO2/CO menunjukkan proses pemburukan sedang terjadi pada isolasi kertas akibat kegagalan high thermal dengan temperature 200°C, Roger’s Ratio terjadi Thermal fault dengan temperature 150 - 300°C dan Duval’s Triangle berada di luar kriteria evaluasi dan jadwal pengujian DGA selanjutnya adalah tiga bulanan.

Lateral Percolation and Its Effect on Shale Gas Accumulation on the Basis of Complex Tectonic Background

As a result of complex tectonic background, shale gas in China exhibits differential enrichment. Choosing a favorable exploration target accurately is a crucial problem to be solved. In this study, the tests show that there is a superior transportation pathway within shale layer. Gas in the shale layer percolates much more in the direction parallel to the plane. Therefore, the accumulation pattern of shale gas indicates a complex tectonic background. Gas in the lower part of the structure diffuses and percolates in the vertical direction into the surrounding rock. Most gas percolates towards the high part of the structure in the direction parallel to the plane. When the shale was exposed, gas percolated along the parallel direction into the air. In the case of fracture development, if there is a reverse fault, gas would be enriched in the footwall. However, if there is an unsealed fault, it would become a pathway for gas migration. The above accumulation pattern was proved in several Areas. Also, this research presented a basis of evaluation units division. According to the buried depth, fractures, and structural position, Xiuwu Basin was divided into five evaluation units and Unit A3 is the most favorable exploration target.

MUD DIAPIR DI PERAIRAN SELATAN PULAU MADURA

Shallow seismic reflection study along the southern water of Madura Island indicates the occurrence of diapir and sediment bearing gas. Normally, the occurrence of diapirism is associated with sediment bearing gas. These phenomena can be observed along the southern waters of Madura, from Sampang until Kalianget. Diapir, fault, and gas charged sediment are indicated as the geological hazard. Offshore infrastructures and drillings have to consider the present phenomena because they can destroy those infrastructures. Key word: diapir, fault, gas, geological hazard, Sampang Penelitian seismik pantul dangkal di perairan selatan P. Madura menunjukkan adanya diapir di dalam lapisan sedimen yang mengandung gas. Biasanya keberadaan diapir diikuti oleh adanya lapisan sedimen yang mengandung gas. Gejala ini dapat diamati di sekitar perairan pantai selatan Madura,mulai dari perairan Sampang hingga ke Kalianget. Diapir,sesar, dan gas dalam sedimen diindikasikan sebagai bahaya geologi. Pembangunan atau pemboran di pantai dan lepas pantai harus mewaspadai keberadaan diapir dan gas dalam lapisan sedimen. Di tempat ini struktur tanahnya labil dan dapat menimbulkan kerusakan bangunan di atasnya. Kata kunci: diapir, sesar,gas, bahaya geologi, Sampang

SnO2 Nanofibers Gas Sensor Detecting H2 Dissolved in Transformer Oil

Hydrogen is an effective fault gas dissolved in transformer oil, and online monitoring its concentration has important meaning on condition assessment and fault diagnosis of power transformer. A facile and simple synthesis method of ultra-sensitive SnO2nanofibers through a hydrothermal approach was reported. The crystalline phases and microstructures were performed by X-ray powder diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The gas sensor based on prepared SnO2 nanofibers was fabricated by a side-heated preparation, and its gas sensing performances to H2were measured. The fabricated sensor exhibits excellent sensing properties to H2, such as low optimum operating temperature, high gas response, rapid response and recovery time, good stability and repeatability.