DETERMINATION OF THE ACOUSTO-OPTICAL DEFLECTOR PARAMETERS FOR A LASER-RADIATION ROCKET GUIDANCE SYSTEM

The work is devoted to the development of an acousto-optic deflector for a laser-beam guidance system (LLSN) of missiles. LLSN is used in semiautomatic portable missile systems to destroy hostile targets of various types. An analysis of the methods for constructing such systems has shown that the most promising devices with pulse-code modulation using semiconductor pulsed lasers. The article provides a diagram and describes the principle of operation of the LLSN with pulse-code modulation. A problematic issue in the implementation of such a system is the development of a device for deflecting a laser beam, through which the missile is guided to a target. Scanning mechanical devices that are currently in use have a complex design, significant dimensions and weight, and limited performance. The article proposes to use an acousto-optic deflector to deflect the laser beam within the information field of the guidance system, which is devoid of these disadvantages, since it replaces the mechanical scanning device with an electronic one. The purpose of the article is to determine the main parameters of the acousto-optical deflector. The article discusses the principle of operation of an acousto-optic deflector. It is noted that glasses based on germanium chalcogenides, in particular, glass with the composition Ge2.17As39.13S58.70, have especially low values of acoustic losses (α <1 dB / cm). The largest deflection angle of the laser beam will be observed with Bragg diffraction. Relationships are given that can be used to determine the main characteristics of the deflector: the angle of deflection of the laser beam, the modulation frequency of the acoustic wave, resolution, speed, and others. When using the above ratios for the typical parameters of the existing guidance system, the values of the indicated characteristics are calculated.

Outlier detection for PIV statistics based on turbulence transport

The occurrence of data outliers in PIV measurements remains nowadays a problematic issue; their effective detection is relevant to the reliability of PIV experiments. This study proposes a novel approach to outliers detection from time-averaged three-dimensional PIV data. The principle is based on the agreement of the measured data to the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) transport equation. The ratio between the local advection and production terms of the TKE along the streamline determines the admissibility of the inquired datapoint. Planar and 3D PIV experimental datasets are used to demonstrate that in the presence of outliers, the turbulent transport (TT) criterion yields a large separation between correct and erroneous vectors. The comparison between the TT criterion and the state-of-the-art universal outlier detection from Westerweel and Scarano (Exp Fluids 39:1096–1100, 2005) shows that the proposed criterion yields a larger percentage of detected outliers along with a lower fraction of false positives for a wider range of possible values chosen for the threshold. Graphical abstract

CONTRACTUAL BASIS FOR TERMINATION OF CIVIL LEGAL OBLIGATIONS: PROBLEMS OF THEORY AND PRACTICE OF APPLICATION

The article considers contractual grounds for termination of civil obligations: compensation, innovation, debt forgiveness. The paper notes some problems of the application of Articles 409, 414, 415 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in judicial practice, analyzes the issues of the ratio of compensation and innovation, the differentiation of these contracts. The problems of qualification of agreements on the grounds for termination of obligations in law enforcement practice and the question of applying the principle of freedom of contract to the relations under consideration are considered. It is noted that at present the practice of applying the legislation on compensation has changed significantly. Despite the restrictions established by the norm of Article 409 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, judicial practice allows the possibility of using works and services as a subject of compensation, which leads to problems of distinguishing such contractual grounds for termination of obligations as compensation and innovation. With regard to the innovation, an analysis of the provisions on the possibility of novating the penalty into a loan obligation is given. A problematic issue is the legal qualification of debt forgiveness as a basis for termination of an obligation. It is noted that the contractual nature of debt forgiveness should be taken into account. Acceptance of notification by the debtor's creditor of his release from the performance of his duty is the silence of the debtor (clause 2 of Article 438 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The article also considers the question of the ratio of debt forgiveness and donation. The analysis of judicial practice shows that the courts do not consider debt forgiveness as a gift, except in cases when the creditor released the debtor from the performance of the obligation free of charge. In this case, the norms of Article 168 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and paragraph 4 of Article 575 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation are subject to the application of debt forgiveness.

MANAGEMENT OF RECEIVABLES OF THE ENTERPRISE

The article examined the current state of planning financial obligations and noted the urgency of the problem of the existence of receivables. The urgency of the problem arises due to the presence of a significant share of receivables in the assets of enterprises. The emergence of a problematic issue is the reason for the search for new ways and methods of control over accounts receivable. The organization and methodology for accounting for receivables for goods is shown on the example of TOV "EMSS". We found out that most of the company's income comes from the sale of equipment for the road construction industry, in particular, testing and diagnostic laboratories. The organization of accounting and the main problematic issues of management accounting of receivables in TOV "EMSS" are investigated. The stages of work with contractors are described and the essence of each stage is described in detail. The stage of generating an invoice for payment is considered the moment of the beginning of the receivable to the seller. It has been established that the enterprise is most characterized by current accounts receivable for products, goods and services. At the same time, the company has no bad accounts receivable. The terms of payment for goods and services formed at the enterprise are described. The state and features of management accounting of receivables and their monitoring have been investigated. The main reasons for the origin of accounts receivable in TOV "EMSS" have been clarified. The necessity of work on improving the accounting of receivables and payables has been substantiated. Measures are proposed to reduce the occurrence of accounts receivable and recommendations for improving its information support are developed. The essence of the proposed measures is to automate the information base on accounts payable and receivable of settlement participants; discussion and inclusion in contracts of all obligations between the parties at the stage of concluding the contract; fast fulfillment of obligations for the supply of goods and services; prompt updating of the state of mutual debt, keeping records and reporting of ongoing mutual settlements.

Social media interconnection between people: Greta Thunberg’s influence on the climate movement

The increasing rate of climate change has been staggering over the past couple of years. It causes a lot of changes in the earth’s biosphere. The earth’s temperature has been increasing in an unprecedented phase, causing the seawater to expand and ice over land to melt, both of which can cause a rise in sea level. Given this problematic issue, the world leaders somehow do not put enough action to tackle this. When world leaders are failing our future by not taking the climate change issue seriously, a young girl from Sweden named Greta Thunberg is about to set a global spark of global movement concerning global warming. Since she began to strike outside the Swedish parliament, she gained the public’s attention, especially youth. This study aims to analyze how Greta Thunberg influences youth worldwide to take action against climate change using social media. This article uses social activism theory and Collaborative Internet Utilities to analyze the global phenomenon. This Journal uses qualitative research methodology. The data and relevant information are being analyzed to explain Greta’s influence on global youth regarding climate change and its effects on global politics.

Factors Affecting Students' Dropout Rate During COVID-19

<p>Education has always been considered as the linchpin for a country’s economic and social development. The dropout rate in schools especially in third-world countries has always been a problematic issue and the situation has further been worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study primarily aims at studying the factors affecting the school dropout rate during pandemic. Lockdown is the first step that any country starts to adopt for the safety of its general public. This severely affects the masses' financial conditions, especially for the parents of students at risk, as the dropout rate increases with financial pressures. The slogan “stay home stay safe” has further aggravated the fear of the parents to send their children out and attend schools. The data for the study was collected from twenty public and private schools of two divisions, including seven districts of the province of Punjab, Pakistan, using interviews of policymakers, parents of dropouts, teachers, and students. The study is corollary to several issues already highlighted in various other articles to transpire the details of drop-out rates in developing countries in general and Pakistan in particular. The study revealed financial conditions, lockdown effects, mode of learning, government policies, fear of death, the psyche of the parents, socio-cultural effects, the role of teachers and administrators, most affected level, contributory factors were amongst the major factors. Finally, the study will analyze the effects of dropout and will help suggest measures to control the dropout rate in Pakistan in particular and third world countries in general.</p>

Factors Affecting Students' Dropout Rate During COVID-19

<p>Education has always been considered as the linchpin for a country’s economic and social development. The dropout rate in schools especially in third-world countries has always been a problematic issue and the situation has further been worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study primarily aims at studying the factors affecting the school dropout rate during pandemic. Lockdown is the first step that any country starts to adopt for the safety of its general public. This severely affects the masses' financial conditions, especially for the parents of students at risk, as the dropout rate increases with financial pressures. The slogan “stay home stay safe” has further aggravated the fear of the parents to send their children out and attend schools. The data for the study was collected from twenty public and private schools of two divisions, including seven districts of the province of Punjab, Pakistan, using interviews of policymakers, parents of dropouts, teachers, and students. The study is corollary to several issues already highlighted in various other articles to transpire the details of drop-out rates in developing countries in general and Pakistan in particular. The study revealed financial conditions, lockdown effects, mode of learning, government policies, fear of death, the psyche of the parents, socio-cultural effects, the role of teachers and administrators, most affected level, contributory factors were amongst the major factors. Finally, the study will analyze the effects of dropout and will help suggest measures to control the dropout rate in Pakistan in particular and third world countries in general.</p>

The concept and content of the constitutional principle of justice

The purpose of the article is to study the concept and content of the constitutional principle of justice, its impact on constitutional relations, identifying problems that arose during the implementation of this principle during quarantine restrictions due to the pandemic of COVID-19. This goal was achieved through the use of such methods as analysis of comparative law and formal law method. The study found that the principle of justice, although not enshrined in the Basic Law of Ukraine, but it goes through the Constitution of Ukraine and procedural codes. The problematic issue is that there is no legislative definition of «justice». The practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the application of the principle of justice in its decisions is analyzed. It is substantiated that justice is a concept much broader than law and is a criterion for the legitimation of state power. The problems of realization of the constitutional principle of justice are investigated. It was found that the principles of law, which are enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine and current legislation of Ukraine, are not properly implemented in our country. The reason for this is the mentality of Ukrainians, which is characterized by low legal and political culture, violation of the law, distrust to the authorities, devaluation of moral and spiritual values. On the part of officials, it is a misuse of office positions. It is justified that justice requires equal application of the law for all. However, everyone has his/her own understanding and vision of justice. This led to problems during the coronavirus pandemic. Violations such as the violation of the constitutional right to education have been identified, namely distance learning leads to a violation of the principles of justice and equality. Restrictions on small and medium-sized businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic discriminated against entrepreneurs compared to large businesses. As a result of the study, it was concluded that justice is a legal value and a fundamental principle of law, which permeates both the Constitution of Ukraine and current legislation. The realization of justice can be done only by observing the law. In Ukraine, it is quite difficult to implement this principle, because the laws are often unfair. During the quarantine restrictions, violations of constitutional human rights were revealed. Overcoming corruption and raising the legal culture and legal awareness of Ukrainians should be a necessary step for the effective implementation of the principle of justice.

Mexico’s migration approach will remain unchanged

Significance His comments, at Mexico’s Senate, come amid a surge in undocumented migration through Mexico, and follow discussions on how to address the matter on September 9, at the first US-Mexican High-Level Economic Dialogue (HLED) meeting since 2016. Impacts COVID-19 concerns will exacerbate border pressures, perpetuating processing delays and increasing the numbers of trapped migrants. Growing tensions between migrants and locals will see migration become a progressively problematic issue for Mexico politically. Migration will become an increasingly sensitive aspect of Mexico-US relations.

Some Aspects of the Distribution of Loan Debts Between Spouses at the Dissolution of Marriage

A problematic issue in divorce is the division of debt obligations between spouses. In this study, the author proposes to consolidate the circumstances that need to be clarified by the court when dividing debt obligations upon divorce.