Ekspor Sampah Uni Eropa ke Indonesia sebagai Bentuk Eco-Imperialism

Environmental policy has become an important aspect in reviewing environmental issues in international relations. The European Union is a regional institution that has been very active in international environmental cooperation. However, at the same time the European Union is one of the largest waste exporters to countries in Asia, including Indonesia. Waste export is a free trade mechanism that allows developed countries to send waste to developing countries to be processed as industry materials. This then becomes contradictory to the commitment of the European Union in promoting environmentally friendly policies and policies for the export of waste are considered as a form of eco-imperialism. This article discusses how the waste export policy by the European Union has become a form of ecological colonization for Indonesia as a waste recipient. Keywords: waste export; eco-imperialism; environmental policy

Strengthening North-South Relations: The Case of EU and ECOWAS Cooperation

Regional integration is discussing cooperation among states in a region and the influence of external states or organizations. The cooperation among regions is known as inter-regionalism. As a leader in regional integration, European Union (EU) has been cooperating with the other regions since their name was European Economic Community. Firstly, Europe established relations in the form of political dialogue and cooperation with ASEAN and Asian countries. For this occasion, the EU established Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM). Subsequently, the EU created external relations with African, Caribbean, & Pacific (ACP), South American, etc. This research elaborates on the relation of the EU with the West African region. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is the regional institution chosen by the EU to engage in the relationship. Some scholars acknowledged that ECOWAS is one of the most organized institutions in the African Region. Asymmetric relation between EU and ECOWAS denotes the relation of The North and The South countries. By analyzing the inter-regionalism framework, this paper exercises a liberal institutional perspective as the main paradigm. The results found that inter-regionalism could reinforce strong institutions in both regions.

Introduction

This chapter introduces the main puzzle and argument of the book, and describes the research approach. It shows that authority-enhancing institutional change is frequent in regional organizations, yet existing theories expect international institutions to be fairly stable due to high institutional barriers to change and concerns about the sovereignty costs of independent international institutions. It is argued that one important driver of institutional creation and change is diffusion from the European Union, both as an active supporter of regional institution building and as a successful model of regional cooperation. This argument is tested through a mixed-methods design that includes large-N statistical analysis and several single and comparative case studies. The chapter also summarizes the main implications of the argument for theories of regional organization and for debates about international institutional design and diffusion.

Revisiting Regional Institution Building

This chapter revisits the theoretical literature on regional institution building during the last 70 years and contrasts it with the empirical literature on regional organizations. It shows that while the latter is replete with references to the European Community/European Union as a causal influence on regional institution building, the former has largely neglected this influence because it pitches its explanations at alternative levels of analysis. It is argued that most existing explanations of regional organization focus on the systemic or unit level of analysis, while the causal influence of the European Union operates at the inter-unit level. The chapter lays out the three levels of analysis in the study of regional institution building. and concludes that the literature on diffusion provides useful analytic tools to study processes of interorganizational influence in international relations.

Theorizing Interorganizational Influence from the European Union

This chapter theorizes interorganizational influence from the European Union to other regional organizations by drawing on the diffusion literature. The framework rests on the premise that diffusion shapes institution building in regional organizations through its influence on the institutional preferences and bargaining strategies of national governments who negotiate institutional change. The chapter hypothesizes that regional institution building reflects variation in the EU’s active engagement with other regional organizations and its own institutional development, and is most likely to be relevant in those regional organizations that rest on open-ended contracts. The chapter closes with a discussion of alternative explanations of regional institution building.

Advancing Market Integration and Decarbonization: How to Ensure a Smooth Transition?

The concept of connecting electricity markets, which started with the sole objective of maximizing economic gains, is now being increasingly expanded to fulfill other policy objectives, primarily to support the low-carbon future energy system. The importance of clearly articulating policies, designing innovative regulations, and the presence of a local/regional institution to facilitate this change cannot be overstated.

Eco-technology park as a regional institution of waste management system

Subject. This article discusses the issues related to the creation of environmental technology parks in the waste management system. Objectives. The article aims to identify essential features of the environmental technology park as a regional development institution. Methods. For the study, we used general scientific cognition methods and the systems approach. Results. Based on an analysis of the specialization of Russian environmental technology parks, the article describes potential organizational and investment models of the activities of the park residents. Conclusions. The use of organizational and investment models of the residents' functioning combined with the participation of public partners will help make additional incentives for the development of environmental technology parks.

Missing Colonies in American Myths of Slavery: Where Is the “Deep North” in Sociology Textbooks?

This exercise in reflexive sociology consists of a comparative analysis of the standard verbiage of Introduction to Sociology and Sociology of Race/Ethnicity textbooks on the subject of American slavery. We interrogate whether narratives about slavery in sociology textbooks present the system as a peculiar Southern institution, or as a cross-regional institution that includes the Northern colonies. The study found that a majority of the Introductory books present the system as Southern. The majority of the Race/Ethnicity books prominently feature Southern slavery, yet some are more likely to detail Northern slavery and the broader Atlantic World context. Given that the field of sociology is a key carrier of collective-memory institutionalization in its role as a remembrance environment, we argue that it has the potential to impact historical revisionist understandings of American history in public collective memory. Such revisions carry implications for transregional responsibility for racial injustices.

Informal Regional Institutions and National Resilience

With the apparent demise of globalization, many states are turning to regional solutions to achieve trade and development goals while institutional structure is fundamental to the strategic and managerial operations of such associations. This study seeks to understand the strategic costs and benefits, as well as the management opportunities and challenges, of a regional institution that maintains an informal structure while specifically examining the relationship between informal regional structure and member (national) resilience. This investigation develops a resilience framework and tests it against a unique structural form, the Pacific Alliance (Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru), which operates without incorporation as a legal entity, without a centralized budget, and without a secretariat. This study reasons that an informal regional institution supports national resilience through an adaptation strategy but not an adaptability strategy and concludes that an informal regional model appears to support continual national development through the adoption of member ‘best practice'.

The 50 Year Reunion

By 2035, the aging population will be larger than that of people 18 and younger. More than ever, art museums must consider how to best serve this audience. Research on the development of aging adults highlights that creative aging programming provides a beneficial impact on the lives of older adults while helping to combat ageism and redefine how older adults are seen in cultural institutions. This chapter reviews the similarities and differences between the programming for adults 55 and older at the Tucson Museum of Art, a mid-size regional institution, and The John Michael Kohler Arts Center, a rural, contemporary arts center. Through an analysis of the two institutions' programs for older adults, the authors discuss how older adults can fulfill the roles of visitor, participant, and learner when presented with equitable and intentional opportunities.