Al-Tahlîl al-Qânûnî Li Himâyati al-Qânûniyah wa Mihnati al-Mu’allim fî Adâi wajibâtihim: Dirâsah Muta’addidah al-Mawâqi’ li al-Madâris al-Dîniyah al-Dâkhilah fî Bîati al-Ma’âhid al-Islâmiyah Pamekasan

Protection for teachers means an effort to avoid them from any kind of violence, threat, discrimination, injustice, criminalization, and deviant treatment coming from whether students, parents, or society. This study aims to examine three forms of protection for teachers in serving the job as educators namely in the realm of law, profession, and intellectual properties. It uses a juridical-sociological method in the qualitative data compilation technique. The data was obtained through in-depth interviews and desk study. Meanwhile, the data analysis is through reduction and conclusion making. It results in three conclusions. 1) The law protection for teachers comes in the form of advocacy, law dissemination, protection from any type of violence, friendly students’ education format, students' character building, and good communication with students' parent. 2) The protection for teacher in the realm of profession is through reasonable earning and freedom of speech. 3) The protection for teachers' intellectual property is through motivating them to be productive even though the results have not been well patented. حماية مهنة التدريس هي محاولة لحماية المعلمين من مختلف أشكال العنف والتهديدات والمعاملة التمييزية والظلم والتجريم والمعاملة المنحرفة من الطلاب وأولياء الأمور والمجتمع. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى فحص أشكال حماية المعلمين في أداء واجباتهم كمعلمين. وطريقة البحث المستخدمة هي المنهج الاجتماعي القانوني في إطار البحث النوعي. وكان جمع البيانات عن طريق المقابلات المتعمقة والتوثيق. يتم تحليل البيانات بخطوات مع تقليل البيانات واستخلاص النتائج. من البحث المنفذ. تظهر نتائج هذه الدراسة أن هناك: 1) الحماية القانونية للمعلمين من خلال المناصرة القانونية والتنشئة الاجتماعية القانونية، والحماية من العنف ضد المعلمين، وتنسيق التعليم الملائم للأطفال، وتشكيل شخصية الطالب، وإجراء التواصل الجيد مع أولياء أمور الطلاب 2) الحماية المهنية مع لائقة الدخل وحرية التعبير عن الآراء 3) حماية الملكية الفكرية من خلال تشجيع المعلمين على الإبداع والتصنيف، ولكن هذه المصنفات لم يتم تسجيلها ببراءة اختراع.

Frenchman, Jew, Positivist

This article investigates German-speaking scholarship’s reception of the programme of scientific sociology that Durkheim presented in The Rules of Sociological Method. It highlights intra-European historical dynamics and academic hierarchies. References to national, cultural, disciplinary and theoretical frames of reference are clearly discernible in the ways the Rules have been read and Durkheim has been mapped. First, his reception was embedded in a complex geometry of power between two nation states during a historical period of competitive nationalism. Second, it was affected by the way he was perceived within networks of academics who occupied unequal geo-cultural positions inside and across nation states. At times, the special location assigned to him as a Jewish intellectual played an important role. Third, his positioning as a positivist within the specific epistemological structuring of sociology is key to understanding how he was perceived east of the Rhine.

“Let there be No Quarrel among Us” (Genesis 13:8-9): Using Abraham’s Model for Restructuring in Nigeria

Nigeria is blessed with so many natural resources which are the principal sources of income through which she is sustained. Disparity in the income so generated has been posing a serious challenge to almost every Nigerian administration on the ratio for its sharing, hence becoming a major problem and challenge affecting federal practice in Nigeria. The problem of resource control and restructuring so noticed has been as a result of disagreement within the three tiers of government of which no one seems to accept to sacrifice some pleasures in order to ensure that peace is attained. It will be germane to posit that for there to be a restructuring in Nigeria that will be effectively sustained and generally satisfactory, the Abraham’s model must be adopted who gave Lot his nephew the opportunity to choose from the best part of the vast arable land so that there may be no quarrel among them. In this regard therefore, Abraham is seen as a leader who is endowed with virtues of love, peace, selflessness and sacrifice and must be emulated by Nigeria leaders if restructuring will be achieved. This work adopts a sociological method and will be theoretically framed with relative deprivation theory. The paper observes that there has been tussle within the tiers of government on the sharing formula which has not been generally accepted. Secondly, it discovers that there has been agitations by the host states on resource control and restructuring which is not workable for the federal government, it goes on to observe that Abraham’s model could help to solve the problem if the federal government assumes the role of Abraham by allowing producing states to determine the percentage of the allocation. It finally observes that there has been lack of a leader who has the vision and willingness to handle the problem once and for all which has made the problems to continue lingering. The paper therefore recommends that the tiers of government should be willing to make sacrifices in order to ensure a harmonious and peaceful co-existence. The work also recommends the need for visionary and selfless leaders who will sincerely tackle and implement true and acceptable federalism for the good of the common man.

SOCIOLOGICAL METHOD AT VILFREDO PARETO: BETWEEN EPISTEMOLOGICAL PRESSURE AND ANALYTICAL-CONCEPTUAL SCHEMATIZATION

In the constellation that is the three great social thinkers from the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, Vilfredo Pareto’s stance regarding the reports between sociology, as a science, and philosophy is a specific one, generating consequences, the most significant in the scheme of an idealistic portrait of the consequences of the positivist method in sociology. Because the Italian sociologist seems to prolong the classic aversion overseeing positivism in philosophy until it became a usual attitude of work and, in the same time, reaching the extreme lengths at which philosophy negates it, on the basis of positive prerogatives of knowledge, overseeing any epistemological status.

The Nutrition and Health Status of Residents of the Northern Regions of Russia: Outlook of Vertical Agricultural Farms

This paper is dedicated to studying the nutrition, health status and food provision of the people living the northern regions of Russia. The authors developed a concept of comprehensive interdisciplinary research of traditional and innovative behavioral practices of actors in the northern regions of Russia in the field of food production and consumption in order to study the structure of nutrition of the population, its health status and the technologies that are used to provide the people with food products. The interdisciplinary comprehensive research applied the following methods: (a) statistical method; (b) sociological method of mass survey; (c) sociological method of expert interviews; (d) method of feasibility study; (e) method of mathematical modeling. According to the results of the analysis, the nutrition of the people living in the norther regions is characterized by insufficient consumption of fresh vegetables, meat and processed meat, fish and seafood, milk and dairy products, some vitamins and bio-elements (such as selenium, calcium) and excessive consumption of saturated fats and flour products. The following problems related to providing the population of the northern regions of Russia with food products were identified: the agriculture in almost all northern regions of Russia has negative profitability; imported food products and food ingredients are mostly used; there are drawbacks of logistics, transportation and storage of food products; the natural and climate conditions are unfavorable for traditional agriculture. The paper substantiates the economic, environmental, social, and political advantages of highly automated agro-industrial complex of vertical farming as an alternative method for providing food security of the inhabitants of the northern regions of Russia.

Boudon's Interpretation of Durkheim Sociology

English abstract: It is well known that Durkheim was a major source of influence in most of Boudon’s writings. But his vision of Durkheim has evolved a lot over the years. In the 1960s until the 1990s, he presented Durkheim as a positivist, fairly close to Auguste Comte, and he considered The Rules of the Sociological Method as a mediating work which announced all of the Durkheim’s thought. In his most recent works, Boudon brings an original perspective that Durkheim was an important theorist of rationality.French abstract: Boudon a développé une admiration durable pour Durkheim dont il ne s’est jamais départi. Durkheim n’a jamais cessé en effet d’être pour lui un inspirateur, mais la lecture qu’il en fait a néanmoins évolué au fil du temps. Des années 1960 aux années 1990 il le présente comme un auteur positiviste dont il admire la réflexion sur la scientificité de la sociologie. Après 1990 il le présente comme un précurseur malgré lui de l’individualisme méthodologique, et traduit sa sociologie dans le langage de la théorie de l’action.

The Dreyfus Affair and Durkheim’s Experience of Anti-Semitism

This article emphasizes the importance of the Dreyfus Affair in the manner in which Emile Durkheim approached the subject of anti-Semitism between 1897 and 1899, while the Affair was in full swing in France. Although Durkheim was the founder of positivist sociology, disconnected from preconceived notions, he nevertheless courageously entered the fight to defend Dreyfus, both as a scholar and as a Jew. In a series of articles and letters, he reflected on the causes of anti-Semitism and proposed an interpretation of Jews as scapegoats, because in his view society’s suffering was resolved by ostracizing Jews as pariahs. But this interpretation is unsatisfactory. Based on impressions rather than on a sociological analysis conducted in accordance with his Rules of Sociological Method, Durkheim’s analysis of explanatory variables is not convincing and is oriented around psychological considerations rarely seen elsewhere in his work.

Hermeneutics contra fundamentalism: Zygmunt Bauman’s method for thinking in dark times

Faced with a rise of populism seemingly in all corners of the globe, the need to facilitate meaningful communication between different world-views and to resist the closing down of dialogue is pressing. In this paper, I argue that Zygmunt Bauman’s sociological method has always been concerned with this problem and that a better appreciation of his writings on hermeneutics provides us with a vital strategy for resisting fundamentalist thinking in today’s dark times. To begin, I briefly explore the relationship between hermeneutics and fundamentalism before moving on to elaborate Bauman’s method of sociological hermeneutics. In the final section of the paper, I assess the implications that Bauman’s method has for the discipline of sociology at a time when the certainty of things is the most avid of dreams dreamed by people harassed and oppressed by the uncertainty of liquid modern life, apparently whatever the human consequences.

VIRTUAL SPACE AS A SOURCE OF PRIMARY SOCIAL INFORMATION

The rapid development of the Internet has had an unprecedented impact on the improvement of the sociological method. At the turn of the millennium, this has led to the search for a new methodology and a gradual loss of interest to use of quantitative methods, which was perceived by specialists as a "crisis of empirical sociology". In the last decade, it turned out that almost all social processes of any level find their reflection in the virtual space, leave and accumulate so-called "digital footprints", which opens to researchers the widest perspectives for study of social reality. This article considers the features of digital primary information and generalized approaches to its use in terms of quantitative methodology. The author emphasizes that the classical sociological methods, which are based on mathematical statistics, are suitable for the analysis of digital reality and getting adequate research results. At the same time, as noted by most authors, who have studied this subject, there are perspectives for improving traditional sociological methods through: 1) a combination of representativeness of quantitative and depth of qualitative approaches to information analysis; 2) in-depth collection of paradata; 3) opportunities to study hard-to-reach social groups; 4) opportunities to fully implement the "principle of freedom from evaluation" due to the "non-reactivity" of digital data; 5) the ordering of digital footprints in space and time by clearly fixing the hosting. The post-demographic model of the social actor opens new ways to build samples of quantitative sociological research, which may be representative in terms of the classical sociological approach. The examples of research from this article show that the classical sociological method easily to adapt for the new digital reality and can be the basis for sociological consulting, development of social technologies in various spheres of social life.