„Werde, der du bist!“. Selbsterkenntnis, Handeln und Selbstgestaltung bei Nietzsche in einem Ineditum von Georges Canguilhem

In an unpublished text from the early postwar period, Georges Canguilhem deals with Nietzsche’s maxim “Become who you are!” Is this “apparently contradictory formula of a philosopher full of contradictions” really only seemingly inconsistent? Canguilhem regards it as a norm whose supposed metaphysical or objective content dissolves upon further analysis. So he here discerns a new instance of the same potential confusion he had already addressed in his classical essay on The Normal and the Pathological (1943). According to him, the formula “become who you are!” must not be misunderstood in a naturalistic sense, a tendency from which not even Nietzsche himself, Canguilhem thinks, was entirely free. Besides the French philosophy of his time, his philosophical inquiry into “Become who you are!” critically engages two classic German Nietzsche scholars, Ernst Bertram and Karl Jaspers, as well as the French interpreters of the latter’s philosophy of Existenz, Mikel Dufrenne and Paul Ricoeur. Finally, the paper highlights Nietzsche’s specific importance for Canguilhem and the ambivalence in his privileged relationship to the German thinker.

„Werde, der du bist!“. Selbsterkenntnis, Handeln und Selbstgestaltung bei Nietzsche in einem Ineditum von Georges Canguilhem

In an unpublished text from the early postwar period, Georges Canguilhem deals with Nietzsche’s maxim “Become who you are!” Is this “apparently contradictory formula of a philosopher full of contradictions” really only seemingly inconsistent? Canguilhem regards it as a norm whose supposed metaphysical or objective content dissolves upon further analysis. So he here discerns a new instance of the same potential confusion he had already addressed in his classical essay on The Normal and the Pathological (1943). According to him, the formula “become who you are!” must not be misunderstood in a naturalistic sense, a tendency from which not even Nietzsche himself, Canguilhem thinks, was entirely free. Besides the French philosophy of his time, his philosophical inquiry into “Become who you are!” critically engages two classic German Nietzsche scholars, Ernst Bertram and Karl Jaspers, as well as the French interpreters of the latter’s philosophy of Existenz, Mikel Dufrenne and Paul Ricœur. Finally, the paper highlights Nietzsche’s specific importance for Canguilhem and the ambivalence in his privileged relationship to the German thinker.

Literature in the Algerian EFL Bachelor of Arts degree: Reading Literature

Given the acknowledged and undeniable advantages of literature in language education, it has been integrated into EFL curricula for undergraduate students as an essential subject. In the Algerian English departments before the reform introduced in the last two decades (the Licence, Master, doctorate system), literature used to have a privileged status in terms of the number of courses and number of classes or tutorials. However, after the reform, the importance of literature and the lion’s share that it used to have in the EFL Bachelor of Arts course regressed in favor of more specialized subjects. Such a reform has only worsened the state of the art of EFL literature teaching, which was already in a deplored state according to the will be cited studies. This article aims at pointing at the primary defects or malfunctioning of the first-year literature course by answering the question: what are the main flaws of the first-year EFL literature course? In order to answer this question, the article starts with a review of the whole literature course package, i.e., objective, content, methodology, and assessment. More importantly, to go beyond mere evaluation and criticism, the article ends by suggesting an alternative course that adopts task-based language teaching as a methodology. The proposed task-based literature course attempts to overcome the observed weaknesses or the inefficiencies of the actual course by matching the course objective, content, methodology, and assessment to students’ needs and aptitudes.

Literature in the Algerian EFL Bachelor of Arts degree: Reading Literature

Given the acknowledged and undeniable advantages of literature in language education, it has been integrated into EFL curricula for undergraduate students as an essential subject. In the Algerian English departments before the reform introduced in the last two decades (the Licence, Master, doctorate system), literature used to have a privileged status in terms of the number of courses and number of classes or tutorials. However, after the reform, the importance of literature and the lion’s share that it used to have in the EFL Bachelor of Arts course regressed in favor of more specialized subjects. Such a reform has only worsened the state of the art of EFL literature teaching, which was already in a deplored state according to the will be cited studies. This article aims at pointing at the primary defects or malfunctioning of the first-year literature course by answering the question: what are the main flaws of the first-year EFL literature course? In order to answer this question, the article starts with a review of the whole literature course package, i.e., objective, content, methodology, and assessment. More importantly, to go beyond mere evaluation and criticism, the article ends by suggesting an alternative course that adopts task-based language teaching as a methodology. The proposed task-based literature course attempts to overcome the observed weaknesses or the inefficiencies of the actual course by matching the course objective, content, methodology, and assessment to students’ needs and aptitudes.

A content analysis for government’s and hotels’ response to COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt

Drawing on the Situational Crisis Communication theory (SCCT), this study recapitulates the initiatives, practices, and responses of the Egyptian government and chain-managed five-star hotels during the COVID-19 global health pandemic. Subjective and objective content analysis is employed in this study. Subjective content analysis is employed to examine newspapers, magazines, T.V channels, and official pages on Facebook to determine the initiatives and practices adopted by the Egyptian government. Objective content analysis is further used to determine the COVID-19 hospitality practices adopted by 22 chain-managed five-star hotels by examining their official websites. Thematic saturation was attained when observations and analyses exhibited no new themes. Findings indicated that the Egyptian government and chain-managed five-star hotels implemented a number of initiatives and practices focused on financial policies, health and hygiene, workforce and training, marketing, domestic tourism, booking flexibility, cancellation policies, community support, vacations, and contracts. This study contributes to crisis management research by being one of the first studies to explore governments and hotel operations practices and initiatives during the COVID-19 using Egypt as a case study. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications during and post the COVID-19.

Prioritized Content of Islamic Television Channels: An Analytical Study of Alhijrah TV

In the world of media and communication, the producers of content are major contributors who create issues for an audience to think about. This content is not randomly created, but rather created based on certain agendas. This paper analyzes the content of the Alhijrah channel, a Malaysian Islamic TV. The objective of this study is to discover the prioritized Islamic content broadcast by Alhijrah TV that contributes to shaping the perception of Islam among viewers. To achieve this objective, content analysis, observation and interviews were conducted. The sample of the study was the last broadcasting season of 2020. It was found out that Alhijrah divided its programs into eight genres. The leading genre was a magazine that accounted for 46.56% of the sample, and the leading programs were the programs of the noble Qur'an. Alhijrah resorted to shopping programs that accounted for almost 17% of the Alhijrah content. Alhijrah also broadcast seven live programs that made up 16.71% of its programs. Alhijrah also broadcast limited programs of animation, drama, concert and talk show. This study recommends Islamic television channels and producers of Islamic content to align their agendas with the noble Qur'an to prioritize what Allah SWT prioritized to guide the audience to Allah SWT implementing the methods that He set for us. Keywords: Content, television, Islam, Alhijrah TV, agenda-setting theory.

THE HUMAN REVOLUTION AS THE REVOLUTION IN CONSCIOUSNESS

Algorithms as a distinctive feature of the philosophical thinking style of the XXI century are in focus of the author’s attention. It is shown that the algorithms of any sphere of human consciousness and thinking are ideal constructs in their essence; while their objective content is closely intertwined with the subjective. A system of rules for the universal logical-philosophical algorithm is proposed: 1) search for attributes, 2) singling out the sides of the basic dialectical contradiction; 3) finding the structure and functions of each fundamental world-view category

The Concept of Position and Positional Thinking

The paper elaborates on and develops the concept of “position”. Drawing on the examples from the history of science and philosophy from G. Galileo to the works of the Moscow Methodological Circle in the second half of the 60s - early 70s of the 19th century the author considers the cultural phenomenon of positional thinking. Special attention is paid to the philosophy of I.G. Fichte. An assumption is made and substantiated that Fichte’s dialectics is a model of specifically positional thinking and provides a basis for determining the objective content of the concept of “position”. The paper also describes the context of the emergence of positional schemes, their specific structure and use in the works of MMK as a normative-logical apparatus, an alternative to formal logic. It also outlines the area of topical problems associated with the concept of “position”.