Preventive Effect of Egg Membrane Protein Supplementation on Dragon Boat Sports Injury under the Monitoring of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data

Dragon boat is an excellent traditional national sport in China, with excellent fitness results. Based on the country’s strong support for traditional national sports, the dragon boat has developed into a traditional national sport with specific influence and popularity among the masses. Eggshell membrane (ESM) has the effect of relieving arthritis, joint pain, and joint stiffness. The supplementary ESM’s preventive effect on sports injuries has attracted people’s attention. Based on this, this article builds a sports injury prediction model under artificial intelligence and big data monitoring to accurately predict the injuries suffered by athletes, provide help to reduce athletes’ injuries during training, and promote the development of dragon boat sports. This article selects 20 members of a dragon boat team from a university and randomly divides them into a control group (supplement of equal amounts of whey protein), a normal group, an ESM low-dose group (26 mg/kg bw/d), and an ESM high-dose group (52 mg/kg bw/d), with 5 people in each group. The subjects were subjected to downhill exercise and immune stimulation experiments. Among them, the subjects in the control group performed downhill exercise for 12 hours, and they were tested for lactic acid (LAC), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea, malondialdehyde (MDA), hemoglobin (Hb), blood creatinine (CRE), and other related physical and chemical indicators. The other three groups of subjects did not take low-dose and high-dose ESM for 7 consecutive days and were injected with lipopolysaccharide on the 8th day for immune stimulation and tested for interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10), and other related cytokines. The results show that oral egg membrane protein (ESM) can reduce subjects’ serum LAC, LDH, urea, MDA, Hb, and CRE concentration. In addition, the ESM can reduce the expression of proinflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α, while increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10, which provides clinical data for the clinical use of ESM as a supplement for sports injury or for relieving arthritis symptoms. The study shows that egg membrane protein has a protective effect against sports injury and may be regulated by inflammatory factors.

Cardiorespiratory Changes During Prolonged Downhill Versus Uphill Treadmill Exercise

Oxygen uptake (V̇O2), heart rate (HR), energy cost (EC) and oxygen pulse are lower during downhill compared to level or uphill locomotion. However, a change in oxygen pulse and EC during prolonged grade exercise is not well documented. This study investigated changes in cardiorespiratory responses and EC during 45-min grade exercises. Nine male healthy volunteers randomly ran at 75% HR reserve during 45-min exercise in a level (+1%), uphill (+15%) or downhill (−15%) condition. V̇O2 , minute ventilation (V̇E ) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO2) were recorded continuously with 5-min averaging between the 10th and 15th min (T1) and 40th and 45th min (T2). For a similar HR (157±3 bpm), V̇O2 , V̇E , and PetCO2 were lower during downhill compared to level and uphill conditions (p<0.01). V̇O2 and V̇E decreased similarly from T1 to T2 for all conditions (all p<0.01), while PetCO2 decreased only for the downhill condition (p<0.001). Uphill exercise required greater EC compared to level and downhill exercises. EC decreased only during the uphill condition between T1 and T2 (p<0.01). The lowest V̇O2 and EC during downhill exercise compared to uphill and level exercises suggests the involvement of passive elastic structures in force production during downhill. The lower cardiorespiratory response and the reduction in PetCO2 during downhill running exercise, while EC remained constant, suggests an overdrive ventilation pattern likely due to a greater stimulation of efferent neural factors.

Skeletal muscles induce recruitment of Ly6C+ macrophage subtypes and release inflammatory cytokines 3 days after downhill exercise

Macrophages are one of the most versatile cells of the immune system that can express distinct subtypes and functions depending on the physiological challenge. After skeletal muscle damage, inflammatory macrophage subtypes aid muscles to regenerate and are implicated in physical training adaption. Based on this information, this study aimed to evaluate two classic mice macrophage subtypes and determine whether some inflammatory cytokines might be involved in the muscle adaption process after exercise. For this purpose, mice were exposed to an intermittent experimental protocol of downhill exercise (18 bouts of running, each bout 5 min with a 2-min rest interval, slope −16°) and were euthanized before [control (CTRL)] and 1, 2 (D2), and 3 (D3) days after exercise. After euthanasia, the triceps brachii was harvested and submitted to protein extraction, immunostaining, and mononuclear digestion procedures. The muscle size, macrophage accumulation, and cytokines were determined. We observed an increase in the Ly6C+ macrophage subtype ( P ≤ 0.05) in D2 and D3 compared with CTRL, as well as a significant inverse correlation coefficient (−0.52; P ≤ 0.05) between Ly6C+ and Ly6C− macrophage subtypes. Moreover, we also observed elevation in several cytokines (IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-13) at D3, although not IL-4, which tended to decrease at this time point ( P = 0.06). Downhill exercises preferentially recruited Ly6C+ macrophages with important proinflammatory cytokine elevation at D3. Moreover, despite the elevation of several cytokines involved with myogenesis, an increase in IL-6 and IL-13, which potentially involve muscle adaption training after acute exercise, was also observed.

Nutrient Intake Prior to Exercise Is Necessary for Increased Osteogenic Marker Response in Diabetic Postmenopausal Women

Type 2 diabetes increases bone fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Usual treatment with anti-resorptive bisphosphonate drugs has some undesirable side effects, which justified our interest in the osteogenic potential of nutrition and exercise. Since meal eating reduces bone resorption, downhill locomotion increases mechanical stress, and brief osteogenic responsiveness to mechanical stress is followed by several hours of refractoriness, we designed a study where 40-min of mechanical stress was manipulated by treadmill walking uphill or downhill. Exercise preceded or followed two daily meals by one hour, and the meals and exercise bouts were 7 hours apart. Fifteen subjects each performed two of five trials: No exercise (SED), uphill exercise before (UBM) or after meals (UAM), and downhill exercise before (DBM) or after meals (DAM). Relative to SED trial, osteogenic response, defined as the ratio of osteogenic C-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (CICP) over bone-resorptive C-terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen (CTX) markers, increased in exercise-after-meal trials, but not in exercise-before-meal trials. CICP/CTX response rose significantly after the first exercise-after-meal bout in DAM, and after the second one in UAM, due to a greater CICP rise, and not a decline in CTX. Post-meal exercise, but not the pre-meal exercise, also significantly lowered serum insulin response and homeostatic model (HOMA-IR) assessment of insulin resistance.