Reconceptualising the Nautical Fault Exception in the Fog of Emerging Technologies

It is expected that the maritime world will be significantly different by 2050, from smart ports through to blockchain-based shipping documents and autonomous vessels. As the maritime trade witnesses further developments in this field, there will be an inevitable struggle to harmonise the new technology vessels with the traditional rules of law. This article seeks to further the discussion of one of the main legal rules that will have a significant role in shaping sea carriers’ liability for goods carried by autonomous vessels: the nautical fault exception, which operates to remove, to some extent, sea carriers’ liability for losses arising from the acts or omissions of their employees. The main tenet of this article is that an adapted version of the exception should be available to govern the carriage of goods by new technology vessels. In this context, it advocates the use of legal personhood for the purposes of the nautical fault exception. In so doing, this article contributes to the important debate in employment law on the distribution of the risk of losses arising from autonomous systems when, in future, they take over tasks traditionally carried out by employees. In the absence of employment contracts to perform certain commercial activities, the law will need to decide whether legal personhood should be assigned to autonomous systems for efficient and fair risk allocation. This article illustrates why this may be the solution particularly where there is a ‘fine-tuned’ balance of liability already struck in the current legal landscape.

The Trojan-horse mechanism: How networks reduce gender segregation

The segregation of labor markets along ethnic and gender lines is socially highly consequential, and the social science literature has long viewed homophily and network-based job recruitments as some of its most crucial drivers. Here, we focus on a previously unidentified mechanism, the Trojan-horse mechanism, which, in contradiction to the main tenet of previous research, suggests that network-based recruitment reduce rather than increase segregation levels. We identify the conditions under which networks are desegregating, and using unique data on all individuals and all workplaces located in the Stockholm region during the years 2000–2017, we find strong empirical evidence for the Trojan-horse mechanism and its role in the gender segregation of labor markets.

Gestalt Play Therapy Supervision

In this chapter, the author presents an overview of gestalt therapy and gestalt play therapy as a foundation to present a basic framework of gestalt play therapy supervision. The key elements of self-awareness as a main tenet in gestalt therapy will be explained, along with the techniques adapted from the gestalt play therapy process, and the general gestalt therapy process will be used to further develop a general framework for gestalt play therapy supervision. The discrimination model of supervision will also be presented to assist in understanding the role of the gestalt play therapy supervisor and the needs gestalt play therapy supervisee. Finally, the supervisory relationship will be explored as the author creates a potential blueprint to engage in the gestalt play therapy process.

James Rorty's Voice: Introduction to the mediastudies.press edition

An introduction to a new edition of James Rorty's classic 1934 book Our Master's Voice. The book presents a coherent and original theory of advertising. Its main tenet holds that the ad business can only be understood within the totality of the country’s economy and culture. The alternative—to treat the business of publicity as a “carbuncular excrescence”—misses its centrality, its foundational place in American life. Rorty thus insisted on a holistic approach—in conscious contrast to the bounded inquiries of his analytic rivals in the university system. Rorty believed that the ad-man and his persuasive copy propped up American society—its capitalist economy, its culture of competitive emulation. The introduction argues that Rorty makes his argument at two levels. The first is economic: All the billboards and radio spots, according to Rorty, provide the fuel that keeps people buying—the coal powering the country’s merchandising juggernaut. American business would collapse without the ad-man’s ventilation. The book’s second, complementary point is that the system—an exploitative one, in Rorty’s view—relies on advertising for its ideological warrant. This claim emerges with greater subtlety, or at least erected around a series of sub-arguments, in the book’s first few chapters. But the key takeaway suggests that advertising serves to ratify the prevailing American regime of class-stratified consumption. Rorty’s former coworkers are, as it were, the master’s voice.

Post-climax analysis in ‘toli’ – the Ghanaian humorous tale

Aspects of contextual jokes include the relationship with the goal of the interaction, and the involvement of the audience in the overall manifestation of the joke and its response. Sacks' identification of the ‘response’ or the ‘reaction’ – the final of the three-phased organisation of joke narratives (Sacks, 1974: 337; Attardo, 1994: 307-311) points to an aspect of the manifestation of contextual jokes beyond the fabula or the narration of the tale ‘proper’ to include a part relating to the reaction of the audience. Such reactions may be the joke itself or to its telling. A study of the performance of humorous tales, called toli in Ghana, reveals that the final phase, which we refer to as ‘post-climax’, involves the attention of all players, not to the telling of the tale, but to the incongruity and humour which underlie the very identity of the humorous tale. The post-climax discussion is, thus, an analytical reaction to various points of the tale, which has become an integral part of the performance of the tale as a conversational act, and which contributes extensively to the total manifestation of humour and laughter. Based on incongruity and comic-climax perspectives, the paper discusses the nature and strategies of post-climax, including the association of tale audience and setting, hypothetical extension of tale, incongruity and forced congruity discussions, dramatization and evaluations of realness, through which laughter, the main tenet of the genre, extensively manifests.

14 Humanitarian Relief Operations

This chapter examines humanitarian relief operations in armed conflict. The main tenet of international humanitarian law (IHL) is that human suffering should be limited, even in an environment where causing death and injury is, to a certain extent, legitimate. In amongst the violence and death that characterizes armed conflict in all its forms, humanitarian relief operations seek to assuage the suffering by providing protection and assistance to persons who are affected by the armed conflict. Humanitarian relief actors not only promote IHL to the parties to a conflict, but they also provide protection and assistance to victims of a conflict. States have the primary responsibility to provide humanitarian assistance to their citizens, to provide them with protection, and to respect and ensure respect for IHL. Non-state armed groups engaged in armed conflict also have a responsibility to uphold IHL and provide assistance to people in the territory which they control. However, where the state or armed group is not able to provide such assistance, humanitarian relief actors and organizations can fill the gap. Therefore, like combatants, civilians, and other protected persons, humanitarian relief personnel have specific protections, obligations, and requirements under IHL.

Communication as commitment sharing: speech acts, implicatures, common ground

The main tenet of this paper is that human communication is first and foremost a matter of negotiating commitments, rather than one of conveying intentions, beliefs, and other mental states. Every speech act causes the speaker to become committed to the hearer to act on a propositional content. Hence, commitments are relations between speakers, hearers, and propositions. Their purpose is to enable speakers and hearers to coordinate their actions: communication is coordinated action for action coordination. To illustrate the potential of the approach, commitment-based analyses are offered for a representative sample of speech act types, conversational implicatures, as well as for common ground.

Cognitive-Interactionist and Socio-Cultural Perspective of Corrective Feedback: A research synthesis

This paper aims at synthesizing the utilization of corrective feedback second/foreign language (S/FL) teaching. I schewed on a three-main-tenet of corrective feedback seen from its forms, task instruction, timing, and mediating variables. As such, I encompassed this paper into four subsequent steps: Reviewing and synthesizing, finding the discrepancies, and recommending. First is reviewing and synthesizing. In this step, I collected some papers pertaining to two schools of corrective feedback perspective: cognitive interactionist (e.g., recasts) and socio-cultural (e.g., scaffolded feedback) perspectives. Second is unveiling the discrepancies to resolve. After getting such discrepancies, efforts in resolving are highlighted both in the two types of CF. Later, suggestion and recommendation are elucidated later.Key words: corrective feedback, cognitive-interactionist perspective, socio-cultural perspective

PENDAMPINGAN PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN SENTRA DI GUGUS PAUD III KECAMATAN PAKISAJI KABUPATEN MALANG

The development of learning models at early childhood education is based on the needs and interests of the learners. Learning while playing or playing while learning is the main tenet in developing learning models. The ability of teachers in selecting and implementing the learning models influences learners’ behaviors in playing, interecting with peers, and exploring creative activities. The purposes of the present Social Devotion are creating fun activities in learning and suggesting several learning experiences through Sentra Learning Models.The activities presented to the teachers of Gugus PAUD III Pakisaji Region covered 1) coaching on the teories of Sentra Learning Models, 2) coaching on implementing Sentra Learning Models and scheduling the activities of each Sentra, and 3) supervising the implementation of the models in each institution of PAUD. The results of the present social devotion showed that each institution wa able to implemen the models. In addition, it can be concluded that the models not only provide further insights related to the teories of teaching-learning process but also motivate the teachers create better atmosphere of teaching-learning process which cultivates students’ development based on the learners’ needs and interests.

Amsterdam's Greek merchants: protégés of the Dutch, beneficiaries of the Russians, subjects of the Ottomans and supporters of Greece

Merchant diasporas have long attracted the attention of scholars through the narrow prisms of ‘nations’ and states. The history of Amsterdam's Greek Orthodox merchants, together with the other cases—who left the Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth century and established a seemingly controversial range of networks involving the Dutch, Russian, Ottoman and Greek states there—is an oft-quoted example. This article draws attention to some of the problematic aspects of these perceptions of the relations between states and diaspora merchants. The main tenet of the article is that nation- and state-centred perspectives are limited in explaining the full scope of flexibility and pragmatism displayed by the diaspora merchants.