Effect of adrenalectomy and glycemic status on caloric efficiency and adiposity in the congenic LA/Ntul//-cp (corpulent) rat

Obesity develops in the obese phenotype of the congenic LA/Ntul//-cp (corpulent) rat strain by 6 weeks of age.1 To gain insight into the contributors to the expression of obesity in the obese phenotype of this strain, groups [n=12-20 rats/phenotype] of congenic male lean and obese LA/Ntul//-cp (corpulent) rats were fed an ad libitum standardized Purina chow diet (CHOW) from 6 to 12 weeks or age, and subgroups (n=6 rats / subgroup) were overfed with a highly palatable cafeteria diet (CAFÉ) from 9 to 12 weeks of age (WOA). A subgroup of obese rats (n=6) were subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) at 6 WOA and followed the same dietary regimen and treatment schedule. BW of lean and obese animals were similar at 6 WOA and increased by 88% in lean phenotype and 281% in obese phenotype during the 6 weeks study, while in ADX obese rats, BW were similar at 6 and 9 WOA but BW increased to 2.5-fold above starting weights and 1.8-fold above 9-week weights between 9 and 12 WOA. The CAFE supplement was without significant effect on final body weights in the lean phenotypes, but was associated with significantly greater body weights at ages 9 and 12 WOA in the obese phenotype (p=<0.05) and in the obese-ADX at 12 WOA. CE (kcal/gram gain of BW per day) remained relatively constant in lean and obese-ADX rats throughout the study, but CE was more efficient in the obese phenotype at all ages studied and was more efficient with the CAFE supplement feeding regimen. Fasting I:G ratios at 12 weeks of age were 4.2-fold greater in obese than lean and were partially normalized in obese-ADX to 1.7-fold increase at 12 WOA. Relative adiposity of obese rats was 3.8-fold greater in obese than lean phenotype, with the greatest increase in the SQ depot. Resting VO2 (RMR) was lower in obese than lean rats at each age studied and was increased by ADX. Thermogenic interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) mass was greater in obese and obese-ADX than lean rats. The results of this study indicate that CE is associated with the predisposition for the expression and development of adiposity in the obese phenotype of this strain and is associated with an increased I:G ratio and IBAT mass that is consistent with insulin resistance and an impaired capacity for energy expenditure and became normalized on the Chow but not the CAFE diet following ADX. These observations implicate likely multiple metabolic factors that contribute to a greater efficiency of energy storage, utilization and or energy conservation in the obese than in the lean phenotype of this strain and which is partially corrected in the obese phenotype by ADX. The metabolic impact of added caloric intake was associated with an additive impact on the CE of weight gain and adiposity in the obese phenotype of this congenic rodent strain and was partially corrected via ADX

Concordance between body fat percentage stablished by bio impedance and estimation formulas based in anthropometric measurements

Obesity is one of the most important health issues worldwide. According to the Mexican National Survey of Health and Nutrition 2018 “ENSANUT”, 76.8% of women and 73% of men who are 18 years or older are overweight or obese, and the majority are not well diagnosed. One of the greatest difficulties in order to diagnose this disease is the poor correlation between the BMI and the real fat percentage. There are different ways to estimate the fat percentage. Some of them are the formulas based on anthropometric measures. We conducted a retrolective, descriptive, transversal trial to analyze the correlation between the fat percentage measured by bioelectrical impedance with In Body 230 and the one calculated with the Deurenberg, Lean, and CUN BAE formulas in Mexican adults. We analyzed 319 people, 111 men, and 208 women. The average age was 43.8, and 44.13 years, respectively. The average BMI for each gender was 36.5 kg/m2 and 33.8 kg/m2, and the average fat percentage was 38.23 and 45.53 respectively. We calculated de Pearson correlation index between fat percentage mesure by bioelectrical impedance and the one calculated by the formulas enlisted before. We also calculated the W/H and the average between the three formulas. The Pearson correlation index for Deurenberg’s formula was 0.71, for men and 0.816 for women. For Lean’s formula was 0.622 for men and 0.701 for women, and for CUN BAE’s formula 0.77for men, and 0.856 for women. All of them with estatistical significance (p<0.001). For the W/H was 0.702 (p<0.001) for men and 0.681 (p<0.001) for women, and for the average of the three formulas was 0.73 (p<0.001) for men and 0.828 (p<0.001) for women. In conclusion CUN BAE´s and Deurenberg’s formulas have a higher correlation with the fat percentage in both genders, and CUN BAE’s formula is the one with more correlation in women.

Obesity in postmenopausal women: causes, prevalence and specific risks: role of decreased

Obesity is one of the most important health issues worldwide. According to the Mexican National Survey of Health and Nutrition 2018 “ENSANUT”, 76.8% of women and 73% of men who are 18 years or older are overweight or obese, and the majority are not well diagnosed. One of the greatest difficulties in order to diagnose this disease is the poor correlation between the BMI and the real fat percentage. There are different ways to estimate the fat percentage. Some of them are the formulas based on anthropometric measures. We conducted a retrolective, descriptive, transversal trial to analyze the correlation between the fat percentage measured by bioelectrical impedance with In Body 230 and the one calculated with the Deurenberg, Lean, and CUN BAE formulas in Mexican adults. We analyzed 319 people, 111 men, and 208 women. The average age was 43.8, and 44.13 years, respectively. The average BMI for each gender was 36.5 kg/m2 and 33.8 kg/m2, and the average fat percentage was 38.23 and 45.53 respectively. We calculated de Pearson correlation index between fat percentage mesure by bioelectrical impedance and the one calculated by the formulas enlisted before. We also calculated the W/H and the average between the three formulas. The Pearson correlation index for Deurenberg’s formula was 0.71, for men and 0.816 for women. For Lean’s formula was 0.622 for men and 0.701 for women, and for CUN BAE’s formula 0.77for men, and 0.856 for women. All of them with estatistical significance (p<0.001). For the W/H was 0.702 (p<0.001) for men and 0.681 (p<0.001) for women, and for the average of the three formulas was 0.73 (p<0.001) for men and 0.828 (p<0.001) for women. In conclusion CUN BAE´s and Deurenberg’s formulas have a higher correlation with the fat percentage in both genders, and CUN BAE’s formula is the one with more correlation in women.

Pre-operative direct and inverse clinical characteristic variations by age do not resolve up to 24 months following open roux-en-y gastric bypass

Background: Today open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (ORYGB) is reserved for abdomens too complex or obesity too severe for laparoscopic surgery. However, outcomes by age in ORYGB are unknown. Objective: Identify variation by age in ORYGB patients. Setting: Independent database. Methods: 5389 ORYGB BOLD patients was analyzed retrospectively by age: <30 (591), 30-40 (1252), 40-50 (1527), 50-60 (1388), 60-70 (592) and >70 (39). Statistics: ANOVA/general linear model. Results: Baseline female/male (p<0.01), weight, BMI, African-American, Hispanic, Medicaid, Private insurance, self-pay (p<0.0001), PCOS, PTC (n=10) varied inversely with age. Medicare, CHF, HTN, angina, LEE, PVD, IHD, dyslipidemia, OHS, diabetes, gout, IFS, and unemployment varied directly. Caucasian, Asian, Other race, DVT/PE, hernia, cholelithiasis, GERD, panniculitis, liver disease, SUI, MSP, fibromyalgia, alcohol and tobacco abuse, depression, PI, MHD (n=17) vary non-linearly. At 12 months, in spite of equal BMI by age, CHF, HTN, angina, PVD, dyslipidemia, cholelithiasis, SUI, diabetes, gout, IFS (n=10) varied directly. PCOS and PTC varied inversely, and LEE, OSA, hernia, MSP, tobacco abuse, depression, MHD varied non-linearly. 24 months CHF, HTN, angina, dyslipidemia, diabetes, IFS, and MSP vary directly. PTC and tobacco abuse varied inversely. LEE, OSA, PHTN, hernia, PCOS, and tobacco abuse varied non-linearly. Conclusions: ORYGB patients vary dramatically by decade of age. Pre-operatively 10 co-morbidities varied inversely, 13 directly, and 17 non-linearly by age. In spite of equal BMI by age at 24 months, important co-morbidities CHF, HTN, angina, dyslipidemia, diabetes varied directly, tobacco inversely, and OSA non-linearly. This advance clinical knowledge of age variation can aid ORYGB management

Short-chain fatty acids: nutritional strategies to modulate intestinal microbiota

Introduction: The intestinal microbiota has been the subject of research due to its association in physiological and pathological conditions. The production of short chain fatty acids obtained by fermentation of the intestinal microbiota has shown important effects on the gastrointestinal tract, adipose tissue, immune system and nervous system. Objective: This literature review aims to present different nutritional strategies with the potential to modulate the intestinal microbiota by increasing the production of short chain fatty acids. Methods: The research was considered a review work, through a bibliographic survey carried out from the collection of articles in English, published in the PubMed database, in the period from 2013 to 2020. The articles were selected from the descriptors: gut microbiota, soluble fiber, resistent starch, pectin, dietary fiber, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) with the combinations of the Boolean operators “and” and “or”. Studies considered as gray literature were excluded, as well as studies in which the titles were not related to the theme of the proposed research. Results: There are many benefits to consuming foods that may favor the increase of short chain fatty acids. This increase in the gastrointestinal tract is of fundamental importance for the maintenance of intestinal microbiota and prevention of diseases. Some nutritional strategies can be used in clinical therapy, such as increased consumption of fruits, vegetables and whole grains that are plant foods and important sources of fiber. The type of food must be observed, since each one can contain fibers of diverse types. Soluble fiber is the basis for the metabolization of short chain fatty acids and is found in various foods that can be inserted into the food plan, such as: bananas, apples, oats, barley, cooked and cooled potatoes, partially ground seeds, corn, morning cereal, agave, artichoke, asparagus, chicory root, garlic, onion, leeks and wheat. Conclusion: Scientific evidence of the relationship between nutrition, intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid production demonstrates the importance of implementing simple nutritional strategies by health professionals, which can contribute to the modulation of the intestinal microbiota and the development of new perspectives in the development of therapies for prevention and treatment of diseases.

Photobiomodulation: a potential adjunctive obesity intervention a review

Obesity, a largely intractable health condition with incalculable health and financial and social costs and ramifications remains an immense challenge to mitigate effectively. Multiple interventions to offset obesity, while studied and implemented for many years, have generally failed to eliminate this growing global epidemic. Alternately, interventions that can offer hope, especially to those who are physically as well as emotionally challenged, with negative outcome expectations, would appear of high significance. Studied for over 40 years, various forms of light therapy are proving to be of possible adjunctive benefit in efforts to reduce excess weight. This mini review discusses some findings regarding photobiomodulation or light therapy and whether more intense study and evaluation will improve the overall obesity burden and outlook. Extracted from current literature, it is concluded that this is a field of significant promise

Association between type of cooking fuel and body mass index among women in Cambodia

Introduction: Solid cooking fuel is the primary source of energy for almost half of the world’s population. Studies have examined the association between solid cooking fuel and respiratory and cardiovascular disease, negative pregnancy outcomes, and shortened life expectancy. However, no study has examined the association between solid cooking fuel and Body Mass Index (BMI) among women in Cambodia. Methods: Data was taken from the 2014 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (N=3249), women aged 15-49 years. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between type of cooking fuel and BMI, controlling for age, education, marital status, parity, employment status, kitchen being a separate room, location of cooking food, and household wealth index. Results: Compared to younger women, older women were more likely to be overweight/obese shown by multivariable adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for women aged 25-34 years 2.64 (1.80, 3.86), and for women aged 35-49 years 4.97 (3.20, 7.72). Compared to women who reside in poor households, the odds of being overweight/obese were higher for women residing in a middle household wealth index 2.62 (1.52, 4.52), and women residing in rich household wealth index 2.78 (1.83, 4.24). When adjusting for potential confounding variables, the association between type of cooking fuel and BMI observed in the unadjusted model disappeared (p = 0.103). Conclusion: These findings indicate that type of cooking fuel is not significantly associated with BMI in a nationally representative sample of women in Cambodia.

Residual thermic effects of diet induced thermogenesis (RDIT) in aging lean and obese LA/Ntu1//-cp (corpulent) rats

Diet induced thermogenesis has been proposed to account for up to 15% of the caloric content of an ingested meal and to become decreased with aging and in obesity. Genetically obese rodents have been shown to exhibit impairments in the thermic responses to diet and environment, which may partially account for an improved caloric efficiency and to contribute to their increased propensity to become obese. In the present study we sought to determine the thermic responses to diet and environment in aging obese rats when young, middle aged, and aged. Resting oxygen consumption tended to decrease with advancing age and the thermic responses were lower than predicted in obese than in lean rats. This study provides important new insights regarding the thermogenic effects of diet and diet induced thermogenesis and their potential contributions to mechanisms of energy balance across the spectrum of aging in lean and obese LA/Ntul//-cp rats

Obesity years: clinical variation by age pre/post biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal switch (BPD/DS)

Objective: To identify clinical variation by age, pre/post BPD/DS. Methods: 1673 BPD/DS patients from the Surgical Review Corporation’s BOLD database were analyzed retrospectively by age: <30(177), 30-40(456), 40-50(486), 50-60(407), 60-70(138), >70(9). Data: Demographics, BMI and 33 obesity co-morbidities. Statistics: ANOVA and General Linear Models including pre- and post-operative data modified for binomial distribution of dichotomous variables. Results: Pre-op BMI varied inversely by age and continued through to 12 months post operatively. Gout varied directly and tobacco abuse inversely by age at baseline. The incidence of 12 of the 33 obesity-co-morbidities increased directly with age up to 12 months post operatively. In >60 patients, angina, MS pain, LEE and SUI increased from baseline after undergoing BPD/DS. Conclusion: Despite lower pre-operative and 12-month BMI in older BPD/DS patients, baseline co-morbidities varied directly with age, and post-operative resolution of 12 weight-related problems was inversely proportional to age. Only diabetes resolved better among older patients. These findings suggest the concept of “obesity years”, wherein patients carrying obesity the longest accumulate more co-morbidities and resolve them less.

Can epigenetic expression contribute to the development of an obese phenotype?

Human obesity results from prolonged caloric imbalance, where energy intake exceeds energy expenditure over a period of months to years. It is presumed to occur as a consequence of complex interactions between environmental and heritable factors, although the search for which specific metabolic factors or genes persist has been challenging and remains incomplete. Despite a relatively high heritability of common forms of obesity which represents between 40 to 70 % of the obese population, the identification and conformation of definitive genetic or epigenetic obesogenic variants that when activated may contribute to a susceptibility for excess weight gain have been difficult to confirm. The incidence of obesity, overweight conditions, and their close association with hypertension in the US is increasing at alarming if not epidemic proportions throughout much of Western culture and society in recent history. Despite marked advances in nutrition knowledge and practice, pharmacotherapeutic management, and life-style modifications, approximately one third of the US population is now overweight, and the resulting predicted increases in the cost of medical management of overweight and obese conditions and their commonly associated pathophysiologic sequalae are becoming burdensome to public health and to the medical community. The development of obesity in most humans typically develops gradually over a duration of months to years but occurs more rapidly in onset in most commonly studied genetic models of obesity, where it usually follows the expression of an autosomal recessive genetic trait. In humans garden variety obesity is typically attributed to a combination of incompletely defined genetically linked traits and environmental factors.